Family Life 2 Unit Two Miss Guimes/Mrs. Capone HIV/AIDS Family Life 2 Unit Two Miss Guimes/Mrs. Capone

HIV Human ___________ Virus

What is it? It is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (_______) It weakens the __________ system, making it harder for the body to fight off certain ____________.

What fluids is the virus found in? ________ ________ Fluid ________ ________ Other body fluids containing ________

The primary modes of HIV transmission Blood to ________ contact Sexual contact (____, _____, & _______) Transfer of the virus from an infected ________ to her ________ during childbirth ________ -feeding

HIV cannot be spread by: ________ bites Swimming pools ________ preparation ________ Shaking hands

Symptoms Swollen lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck. ________ that lasts for more than a week _______ _______ on tongue, mouth, or throat Rapid _______ Loss Dry ________ Reoccurring _____ or night sweats Unexplained ________

Some Special Cases

____________ Only one case of AIDS has ever been attributed to _______-mouth kissing Because of the potential for contact with blood never practice this activity with someone who is infected.

Spitting or Biting Although ______ contains a very minor amount of HIV, it also contains a ______ that works to destroy the virus. The amount of HIV in saliva is not high enough to make spitting or biting a __________ risk.

Shared Utensils There is an extremely remote chance for HIV transmission, and only if _________ is involved such as from a cut in the mouth.

TEARS & SWEAT These fluids do not contain ___________ HIV to cause infection.

AIDS Acquired _______________ Syndrome

What is AIDS? Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. It marks the most ____________ stage of HIV infection.

Introduction Infection with HIV does not necessarily mean that a person has ________. Some people who have HIV infection may not develop any of the clinical illnesses that define the full-blown disease of AIDS for _______ years or more. Physicians prefer to use the term _____ for cases where a person has reached the ______, life-threatening stage of ________ infection.

PREVALENCE AIDS was first identified in ______ among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in __________ and __________. Shortly after its detection in the US, evidence of AIDS epidemics grew among _________ men, _________, and children in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS quickly developed into a worldwide ______, affecting virtually every nation.

By 2000 an estimated _______ million adults and 1 By 2000 an estimated _______ million adults and 1.4 million children worldwide were living with HIV infection or AIDS. The World Health Organization (WHO), estimates that from 1981 to 2000 about _________ million people died as a result of AIDS. More than _________ million of those who died were children under the age of 15.

How does HIV cause AIDS? HIV destroys the blood cell _______ (T cells) These are crucial to the normal functioning of the immune system. When HIV infects a CD4 cell, it commandeers the genetic tools within the cell to manufacture new HIV virus. The newly formed HIV virus then leaves the cell, __________ the CD4 cell in the process.

Little more about CD4 cells The average healthy person has over _____________ CD4 cells per microliter of blood. In a person infected with HIV, the virus steadily destroys CD4 cells over a period of years When the density of CD4 cells drops to ______ cells per microliter of blood a person is considered to have ________

Stages of an HIV infection. 1st ____________ – usually happens 3-6 weeks after exposure to HIV, but can happen in just a few days. 2nd _____ (________________) – Many people go for years without any symptoms Still is replicating After years of replicating it weakens the immune system

Stages of an HIV infection. 3rd _____ (_________) – Is characterized by symptoms discussed earlier Signs of immune system failure Usually occurs after CD4 cells drop to below _____ May not occur till 12 years after infection 4th _________ – last stage of infection

AIDS is diagnosed when… CD4 cell count drops below _______ cells per micro liter of blood or Develop an _______________ infection or “AIDS indicator”

Without treatment , a person with AIDS often dies within ___ to ___ months. Young children usually die ____________.

Who should be tested? You are sexually active You are uncertain about your sexual partner’s risk behaviors You are male you has had sex with another male Any of your male sexual partners has had sex with another male

You have shared needles and/or equipment to shoot drugs You have had STI’s You are a healthcare worker with direct exposure to blood on the job You are now pregnant (testing is now mandatory nationwide for pregnant women) You are a woman who want to make sure you are not infected before getting pregnant

What do tests look for? Tests do not look for ______ in blood. They look for __________ produced by the body in an effort to fight HIV. ___________ can be detected anywhere from a _____ weeks until _____ months (very rare) Average time is _____ days.

Types of tests

Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA) Most ________ test used Identifies antibodies in the blood that are produced by the body. Test results are confirmed by _________ the same sample and then by a second test “______________” test

Western Blot Test is more _______. Can tell the difference between HIV antibodies and other antibodies that may react to the EIA and cause ____-________ results. A person is considered infected with the HIV virus following a repeatedly reactive result from the EIA, confirmed by the Western Blot test.

Rapid HIV Tests A rapid HIV test usually produces results in less than ______ hours. Currently there are ____ rapid HIV tests licensed for use in the US. They are considered to be just as _______ as the standard blood test. As with the blood test, it must be ________ with an additional specific test before a diagnosis of HIV can be given.

Home Test Kits The only kit approved by the FDA is the “Home Access” kit. Where can it be found? Most drug stores Testing involves: pricking your ________ placing drops of blood on a __________ ________ mailing the card in for testing at a _________ lab

Opportunistic Infections If CD4 cell levels drop below 200 cells per micro liter of blood, the late symptomatic phase develops. This phase is characterized by the appearance of any of _____ opportunistic infections and rare cancers. The destruction of CD4 cells impairs the immune functions that halt the development of cancer

Most common OIs ___________ (Thrush) is a fungal infection of the mouth, throat, or vagina. CD4 cell range: can occur even with fairly high CD4 cells. ___________ (CMV) is a viral infection that causes eye disease that can lead to blindness.CD4 cell range: under 50. ___________ _______ can cause oral herpes (cold sores) or genital herpes. These are fairly common infections, but if you have HIV, the outbreaks can be much more frequent and more severe. They can occur at any CD4 cell count.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC or MAI) is a bacterial infection that can cause recurring fevers, general sick feelings, problems with digestion, and serious weight loss. CD4 cell range: under 75. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a fungal infection that can cause a fatal pneumonia. CD4 cell range: under 200. Unfortunately this is still a fairly common OI in people who have not been tested or treated for HIV. Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) is a protozoal infection of the brain. T-cell range: under 100. ___________________ (TB) is a bacterial infection that attacks the lungs, and can cause meningitis. CD4 cell range: Everyone with HIV who tests positive for exposure to TB should be treated.

Children and AIDS HIV infection in children progresses more __________ than in adults The immune systems in children have not yet built up __________ to many infectious agents. The disease is particularly __________ in infants—more than half of infants born with an HIV infection die before age _______.

Treatments

Update… 9/06 There are now: _____ individual anti-HIV drugs on the market to treat this disease And _____ combination drugs (pills that combine two or three anti-HIV drugs)

AZT AZT ________ HIV growth in the body permitting an _______ in the number of CD4 cells _______ the immune system. AZT also prevents ___________ of HIV from an infected mother to her newborn.

NNRTI Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), introduced in 1996 Preventing the enzyme from converting RNA to DNA

Inhibitors Inhibitors cripples protease, the enzyme vital to the formation of new HIV. Causes defective HIV that is unable to ________ new cells. Produces a dramatic ___________ in HIV levels in the blood. Enables CD4 cell levels to ____________.

Latest Facts Approximately _____rd of the people in the US who are living with HIV infections and AIDS do not know they are infected. In recent studies of 13-24 year olds, females make up nearly _____ the HIV cases. As of 2002 an estimated _______ million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.

Worldwide more than _____% of all adult HIV infections have resulted from ____________ intercourse. About ___________ new HIV infections occur in the US each year. Almost ____________ people are living with the HIV infection or AIDS in the US today.