Knowledge and Understanding of Health Related Exercise and Fitness Gary Kinchin

Your views…. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1225478/School-PE-lesson-turned-Wii-class.html

P.E teacher considers ‘Wii Fit’ for her pupils 'Wii Fit' Showing Up in Middle School Gyms ‘Wii ‘replacing PE lessons at school ‘Wii Fit’ added as a P.E. elective

The physically educated young person in terms of HRE…. Has learned skills to perform a variety of activities Participates regularly in physical activity Understands the implications of being involved Values physical activity and its contribution to a healthy life-style

Terminology See handout Harris, J (2000) Health-Related Exercise in the National Curriculum: Key Stages 1-4. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Why pay attention? Close relationship between Health and PE Raise levels of activity and HRE Increase young peoples’ adherence to sport and exercise Research links regular participation in physical activity to the enhancement of physical, psychological and social well-being

Direct health benefits from being active as a child Healthy growth and development of the musculoskeletal and cardio respiratory systems. Maintenance of energy balance (in order to encourage a healthy weight). Avoidance of risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as high blood pressure Opportunities for social interaction, achievement and mental well-being.

OFSTED 2009 “Physical education has contributed effectively to the Every Child Matters outcomes, particularly to ‘being healthy’, ‘enjoying and achieving’ and ‘making a positive contribution’. Despite the improvements in physical education, it has yet to have sufficient impact on tackling the health issue of childhood obesity” (p.6).

National Audit Office (2001) 75% of the population to be overweight by 2010 Breathlessness Greater osteoporosis risks CHD

WHO World Health Organisation estimates approximately 1.6 billion people around the world are overweight, of whom around 400 million are clinically obese. By 2015, global obesity levels predicted to increase to 700 million. USA has the world's highest obesity rates, closely followed by Mexico, the UK, Slovakia and Greece.

Obesity Evidence linking childhood obesity to an increased risk of adulthood obesity is strong The Government’s White Paper entitled ‘Choosing Health - Making Healthier Choices Easier’ adds the prevalence of obesity has trebled since the 1980’s and well over half of all adults are either overweight or obese – almost 24 million adults. If left alone, obese and overweight people would cost the taxpayer in England £50bn by 2050. In 2006, 24 per cent of adults (aged 16 or over) in England were classified as obese. an overall increase from 15 per cent in 1999 in 2006, 16 per cent of children aged 2 to 15 were classed as obese. an overall increase from 11 per cent in 1995

Increasing Mental Health Anxiety Depression Eating disorders Role of PA Self harm OCD

Brettsneider & Naul (2007) Increasing drop-out in sport Reduced levels of physical activity Greater incidences of sedentary lifestyle

Competing pursuits Almost two thirds of 11-13 year olds in Europe and North America spend more than 2 hours a day watching television This increases to more than 75% for high school boys and 67% for high school girls (2004 Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey). Children who watch TV for more than two hours each day are more likely to have an unhealthy diet, less likely to eat fruit, and less likely to participate in physical activity. Online Living [March 2009] :UK parents believe their children are online for 18.8 hours per week, according to young people, the true figure is 43.5 hours

Motivation Why are some people motivated to engage in regular physical activity?

DCSF (2008) PE the key source for promoting physical activity among young people

Recommended Guidelines Both the UK and US guidelines recommend that children are moderately physically active for at least an hour every day Around 42% of boys but only 11% of girls met the 60 minute guideline findings on the long term monitoring of 113 boys and 99 girls from 54 different schools

Physical Education Represents approximately 2% of a person’s waking time PE cannot in itself satisfy physical activity needs

Key Stage 3 “As a result, they develop the confidence to take part in different physical activities and learn about the value of healthy, active lifestyles. Discovering what they like to do, what their aptitudes are at school, and how and where to get involved in physical activity helps them make informed choices about lifelong physical activity”. Linked to the idea of a ‘confident individual’

Continued 1.4 Healthy, active lifestyles Understanding that physical activity contributes to the healthy functioning of the body and mind and is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle. Recognising that regular physical activity that is fit for purpose, safe and enjoyable has the greatest impact on physical, mental and social wellbeing

Range and Content exercising safely and effectively to improve health and wellbeing, as in fitness and health activities

Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity [MVPA] Lack of quality in some PE classes in terms of intensity and time in MVPA (Fairclough & Stratton, 2005) Athletics & striking and fielding games are the least active In athletics unit 28% of lessons were spent in MVPA MVPA in throwing lessons accounts for 7.25% of lesson time Primary school PE lessons with <20% MVPA More innovative models [e.g. Sport Education] not consistently increasing MVPA

Are children less fit? Children are no less fit than in previous decades

Fitness & Fitness Testing Relationship between fitness and physical activity is low in young children A child’s activity level cannot be judged from his fitness level The active child who scores poorly on a test becomes turned off because ‘it’ does not pay-off Inactive child scores well, is delighted, believes all is fine when it is not and is not motivated to change (Corbin, 2002).

Debate in the literature on merits of ‘fitness testing’ Loss of interest Teaching to the test ‘Cheating’ on the test

Guidance on using tests Developmentally appropriate Accessible to all Is personalized and addresses self-improvement and maintenance/goal setting Avoid comparison Promotes learning Carefully considered support for the very low fit

School Sport Survey: October 2009 50% of 5-18 year olds are taking part in 3 hours of PE and school sport Increased in volunteering and inter- and intra-school competition Average school offer 18 ‘sports’ Cycling showed the biggest increase

Approaches to HRE Permeated Focused *Topic: series of lessons following a topic in lecture/activity settings (can include permeation or discrete approaches) Combined [mixture of above] Teach knowledge, skills, positive attitudes and behavioural skills Creation of positive attitudes and confidence associated with current and lifelong physical activity (Harris, 2000).

Evidence If pupils should be able to; You will see pupils who/that…… Identify the types of activity they are best suited Identify the type of role they would like to take Make choices about their involvement in healthy physical activity…..THEN….. You will see pupils who/that……

Characteristics of successful HRE programmes Include greater array of individual sports and fitness activities Includes activities that align with adolescent sub-culture Teaching the curriculum ‘whys’ Makes self management skills priority Increases self and social responsibility Others?

Questions for placement Aim 1- To increase young people’s participation? Aim 2 – To increase community participation? Aim 3 – Developing an Effective Sports Club Structure? Examples from your experience/placement?

Links http://www.nice.org.uk/PH17 www.healthyschools.gov.uk http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk http://www.pelinks4u.org