Situácia a potreby rómskeho etnika v oblasti SRZ Ing. Olga Pietruchová, M.A. 20. apríl 2007 Bratislava

Rómska populácia v EÚ Najväčšia etnická menšina - 12 milliónov Disproporcionálne postihnutá chudobou - 75% Segregácia a izolácia Minimálna politická participácia Zlé zdravotná situácia a životné podmienky Obmedzený prístup k vode, potrave a hygiene Najvyššia fertilita, kratšia dĺžka života Approximately 12 million Roma are estimated to be living in Europe. With Romania and Bulgaria having joint the European Union, the number of EU citizens of Romani origin has increased by some 3 million, making it the largest ethnic group in the EU. Disproportionately affected by poverty and discriminated against in employment (more than 75% of Roma live in poverty; some locations report 100% unemployment among Roma), education, health care, administrative and other services, the Roma face considerable obstacles to the full enjoyment of fundamental human rights and freedoms, including their sexual and reproductive rights. www.rodicovstvo.sk

Populačná štruktúra (Slovensko) Lower life expectancies – around 10 years (women’s life expectancy is 17 years less than that of the majority population; for men, it is 13 years less in Slovakia. Breaking the Barriers – Report on Romani women and access to public health care, 2003) Rómovia Majoritná populácia www.rodicovstvo.sk

Prekážky v dosahovaní SRZ Sociálne - Economické Chudoba a nedostatok prostriedkov Nedostatočné vzdelanie a informácie Segregácia a sociálna izolácia Kultúrne Tradície – patriarchát, panenstvo, materstvo Sexualita je tabu Diskriminácia, predsudky a nedôvera Nedostatok rómskych lekárov/iek www.rodicovstvo.sk

Prekážky v dosahovaní SRZ Nedostatočná sexuálna výchova Žiadne informácie v rodine Odchod zo školy v nižších ročníkoch Nedostatočná sexuálna výchova na školách Žiadny prístup k internetu a médiám www.rodicovstvo.sk

Plánovanie rodičovstva Tradične vysoký status materstva Rodová nerovnosť, násilie páchané na ženách Zlé vzdelanie a informácie – neznalosť metód plánovania rodičovstva, SRZ a práv pacienta Chudoba – nedostatok prostriedkov, žiadne dotácie resp. hradenie zo zdrav. poistenia pre AK Výsledok: Nízka úroveň využitia moderných metód PR Vyššia úroven UPT Prípady nedobrovoľných sterilizácií A low use of contraceptives (around 35% in Eastern European countries as opposed to average contraceptive use in Western Europe amounting to 65%; according to the 1997 Polish report on population behaviour concerning sexually transmitted diseases, 30.1% of respondents admitted not using any method; 9.8% used the calendar cycle; 1.8% used the thermal method; and 15.1% used withdrawal. Only 20.8% used condoms. There is no ethnically disaggregated data but the numbers in Romani communities are expected to be even lower.) Slovakia – while in Bratislava region 33% use hormonal contraception, in Presov region only 13%. Compulsory participation fees for medicaments and treatment in some countries hinder impoverished Roma’s access to health care and SRHR services. More data on the health of Roma in Europe are necessary. Slovakia study – only 4% of respondents knew all methods of FM, 1/3 used some methods Romania study – Romani women who are better off are more likely to use contraceptives (Rughinis, 2000). Another study in Romania indicated the preference to IUD´S (OSCE, 2000), „because they give them more indipendence“ which is also the case in Eastern Slovakia (our own experience). Evidence from small-scalle studies in Slovakia and Bulgaria suggests that abortion rates are higher for Roma (ECOHOST, 2000, Tomova, 1998). However, the increased price for abortions in Slovakia makes then inaffodable for pure women (7000 Sk ) Some of the highest abortion rates in the world due to the fact that abortion is seen as the principal means of fertility regulation (7/1000 in Belgium and Germany as opposed to 50/1000 in Romania; a study on the sexual culture of Romani women in Bulgaria found that 33% of women have had more than 3 abortions) In some member states women are still forced to resort to illegal, backstreet and unsafe abortions. medical staff’s unfamiliarity with human rights and informed consent – coersive sterilisation www.rodicovstvo.sk

Sexuálne prenosné choroby Nedostatok informácií o STI a ochrane pred nimi Nepoužívanie kondómov Žiadna prevencia a vakcinácia Drogy, obchodovanie so ženami, prostitúcia Výsledok: Narastajúce STI vrátane HIV/AIDS Nárast tuberkulózy,hepatitis A and B atď. Rómske prostitútky – syfilis (3xnárast za 10 rokov) A higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the finding of one study of a Roma settlement in Romania indicate that nearly one in three Roma is HIV positive. Corinne Packer, ROMA WOMEN AND PUBLIC HEALTH CARE, p. 21 A lack of use of sexual and reproductive health commodities and services and poor sex education Reproductive cancers are issues of great concern in many countries, together with sexual violence and exploitation, including the trafficking in young girls. www.rodicovstvo.sk

Tehotenstvo a materstvo Tehotenstvo mladistvých, sobáše medzi príbuznými Odmietanie resp. zlý prístup k prenatálnej opatere Nedostatočná výživa, zlé životné a hygienické podmienky, akohol a fajčenie Výsledok: Najvyššia kojenecká úmrtnosť (dvojnásobok k majoritnej populácii) - polio, diphtheria a meningitis; Zlá zdravotná kondícia, žiadna prevencia a očkovanie Komplikácie v tehotenstve a pri pôrode – vyššia materská úmrtnosť, predčasné pôrody Zvýšený výskyt genetických porúch Rising rates of teenage pregnancies; earlier sexual debut - 58% before the age of 16 (Tzveta Timtcheva from the Bulgarian Ministry of Health, WHO 1999). Child marriage also has significant impacts on the health situation of Romani girls and any children they may bear. Rates of infant mortality are increased and Romani girls faced increased risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery, which may lead to death. For example, studies of rural Roma communities in Romania reveal that many Roma women have not been able to access gynaecological care and family planning due to a lack of doctors and nurses; women generally cannot afford transportation to seek these services even in nearby towns. Another study conducted by Medecins du Monde found 65% of migrant Roma living in irregular circumstances have never had recourse to Slovakia – infant mortality in region of Presov and Kosice is 3times higher then in other. According to one study, of 272 women ages 16-50 in settlements in Belgrade, nearly 28% had 6 to 10 children and 6.7% over 10 children; almost half of these had had induced abortions, with 83.5% of them having had up to 5 abortions and over 9% having had 6 to 10 abortions. Such problems exist in western Europe as well. For example, Traveller women in some parts of England tend to have a higher number of pregnancies than the wider population, averaging 6.5 per woman. Corinne Packer, ROMA WOMEN AND PUBLIC HEALTH CARE, p. 20 www.rodicovstvo.sk

Porušovanie ľudských práv žien Diskriminácia na základe rasy a pohlavia Žiadne resp. nízke politické zastúpenie Násilie páchané na ženách Vysoký výskyt a akceptácia – cyklus násila Nízka úroveň pomoci + ekonomická závislosť Obchod so ženami a nútená prostitúcia Skoré sobáše mladistvých Vystavujú dievčatá násiliu a sexuálnemu zneužívaniu Zabraňujú dievčatám vo vzdelávaní Romani women face compound discrimination on the basis of race and sex. School segregation and employment discrimination are reported in many countries of Europe.Developments in the field of anti-discrimination law in Europe in recent years have not been matched by comparable gains by Romani women. This can be linked to the fact that political representation of Romani women remains extremely low nearly everywhere. In Hungary, two Romani women were elected as European Parliamentarians, providing an important voice for Romani women. Representation at the European level has yet to be matched at national level. Not a single Romani woman is currently serving a term in any national parliament in any European country. Representation of Romani women at local level is similarly weak. In a recent survey carried out among 237 Romani women in Macedonia, over 70% of the women interviewed stated they had been victims of violence at the hands of their partners, their in-laws and other members of their families. The national average is 23%. The great majority of these incidents go underreported due to a number of factors: First, violence against women is accepted in some Romani families. Secondly, there is the fear of being ostracised and shamed by their communities and families. Thirdly, perpetrators of violence against women are rarely held accountable for their acts, which discourages women from seeking legal help. Fourthly, Romani women fear further victimisation on the part of the police and/or others. In addition, there are a number of practical issues that make it virtually impossible for women to escape these situations. These include lack of alternative housing, inadequate economic means to survive on their own, and/or lack of employment opportunities. Despite these barriers, some Romani women, often in desperate situations, have begun challenging domestic violence. To date, however, few if any of these efforts have been successful. Reactions on the part of law enforcement officials frequently involve either refusing to accept complaints and/or further victimising the women concerned with insults and threats. Out of the 237 Macedonian Romani women interviewed, 34 had reported instances of domestic violence to the police ; 20 (or 59%) of these women stated that the police subjected them to racial prejudice and degrading treatment. In only 5 out of 34 reported cases (15%) did the police actually intervene. One Romani woman in Macedonia told researchers, When 43-year-old D.D. from Stip sought police assistance after having been beaten by a member of her family, the police official to whom she turned reportedly stated, “You Gypsies fight amongst yourselves all the time. You have to solve your problems among yourselves.” ERRC Poverty, discrimination and marginalisation are entangled factors making Romani women and children particularly vulnerable to trafficking in human beings. Furthermore, patriarchal traditions that put women in a subordinated role to men place female members of these communities at particularly high risk of falling prey to trafficking. Special attention needs to be paid to combating the exploitation of girls, as milder forms of exploitation such as forced begging are sometimes an entry to more severe forms of exploitation such as sexual exploitation. Certain instances of trafficking occur as a result of a lack of knowledge and misinformation on the part of the family. Child marriage exposes girls to sexual abuse and exploitation. Child marriage precludes girls from attending school and thereby results in nullification of the right to education, as well as diminished employment opportunities. Girls who have fallen victim to child marriage are rendered extremely dependent on their husbands and husbands’ families and are therefore at high risk of poverty and/or further exploitation in the event of any subsequent disruption to the family. Victims of child marriage also face heightened vulnerability to domestic violence. Indeed, as the case of D.M. and M.S. shows, persons negatively affected by these practices are not only the girls themselves, but countless others, starting with (but not limited to) the child groom. www.rodicovstvo.sk

Možné riešenia (?) Sexuálna výchova na školách Dostupná antikoncepcia a metódy PR vrátane kondómov, dotácie štátu (ZP) Výchovné a preventívne programy Dostupné služby RZ vrátane mobilných Zmena prístupu z oboch strán Špeciálne preventívne a vakcinácia Prenatálne programy (návštevná služby pôrod.asistentiek www.rodicovstvo.sk

Ako na to Posiľňovani postavenia žien, pol. participácia Komunitné programy (využitia rómskych asistentov, komunitné centrá) Zapájanie mladých ľudí – peer educators Spolupráca rómskych MVO so ženskými a PR Viac rómskych poskytovateľov služieb Znalosť tradícií a akceptácia, bez porušovania ĽP Rešpektovanie práv pacienta a ĽP www.rodicovstvo.sk