Ethical Principles of Research

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Presentation transcript:

Ethical Principles of Research Leila Afshar MD, PhD of Medical Ethics Member of the SBMU Research Ethics Committee Vice Dean for Research, School of Medical Education SBMU

What makes a research involving human subjects ethical?

Research and producing knowledge is a social good. Are the participant at risk?

The main sources of guidance on the ethical conduct of research were written in response to specific events.

Guidelines Nuremberg Codes 1947 Declaration of Helsinki 1964 …. Belmont Report 1979 International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects 1982, 1993….. راهنما های اخلاق در پژوهش جمهوری اسلامی ایران

Ethical Requirements of Research Social or Scientific Value Scientific Validity Fair Subject Selection Favorable Risk-Benefit Ratio Independent Review Informed Consent Respect for Potential and Enrolled Subjects

Social or Scientific Value Evaluation of a treatment, intervention, or theory that will improve health and well-being or increase knowledge. Use of accepted scientific principles and methods, including statistical techniques, to produce reliable and valid data

Balancing internal and external validity Inclusion and exclusion criteria برای اطمینان از روائی پژوهش بایستی معیارهای ورود یا عدم ورود به مطالعه با طبقه بندی تشخیصی موضوع مورد پژوهش منطبق باشند. Valid outcome measures Randomization Blinding

Fair Subject Selection Selection of subjects so that stigmatized and vulnerable individuals are not targeted for risky research. توجه به گروه های آسیب پذیر شامل کودکان، زنان باردار، زندانیان، ناتوانان ذهنی و... عدم استفاده از آزمودنی ترجیحی

Favorable Risk-Benefit Ratio Minimization of risks, enhancement of potential benefits, risks to the subject are proportionate to the benefits to the subjects and society

برقراری موازنه بین خطرات و فواید، عملی شایع در همه اقدامات بالینی است. پذیرفته شده است که میزان معینی از خطر اجتناب ناپذیر است. میزان خطر قابل قبول ناشی از اقدام درمانی یا دارو چقدر است؟ در پژوهش های غیر درمانی بر روی بیمار یا داوطلب سالم، توافق کلی آن است که بیش از حداقل خطر نباشد. در پژوهش های درمانی که بیمار ممکن است از درمان نفع شخصی ببرد، حداقل خطر عبارتست از مقداری که بیش از خطر حاصل از مراقبت ارائه شده به بیمار قبل از شرکت در پژوهش نباشد.

در مطالعاتی که دارای گروه شاهد هستند، برخی بیماران ممکن است هیچ داروی سودمندی دریافت نکنند. لازم است که این موضوع به همان نسبت خطر ناشی از درمان با داروی جدید مدنظر باشد. خطر را نمی توان بطور کامل ریشه کن کرد اما باید به حداقل رساند. چگونه؟ استفاده از معیار مناسب برای انتخاب شرکت کنندگان، معیارهای مناسب کنتراندیکاسیون شرکت و یا حذف از پژوهش در صورت لزوم پایش مناسب وضعیت شرکت کنندگان واکنش سریع نسبت به عوارض ناخواسته و گزارش کردن آنها پیگیری درازمدت در صورت احتمال بروز عوارض دیررس

Independent Review Review of the research trial, its proposed subject population, and risk-benefit ratio by individuals unaffiliated to the research.

Informed Consent Provision of information to subjects about purpose of the research, its procedures, potential risks, benefits, and alternatives, so that the individual understands this information and can make a voluntary decision whether to enroll and continue to participate

چه نکاتی باید در رضایت آگاهانه ذکر شود: توضیح اهداف پژوهش توضیح طبیعت وهدف از مداخله مدنظر توصیف منافع وخطرات مداخله پیشنهادی و روش انجام مطالعه. توضیح روش های مختلف و منافع وخطرات هریک از آنها. انتظار پژوهشگر از شرکت کنندگان در پژوهش شامل تمامی عوارض قابل پیش بینی، زمان خاتمه مداخله یا خروج از مطالعه. تاثیر شرکت در پژوهش برشیوه زندگی شرکت کننده در پژوهش. چنانچه مطالعه گروه دریافت کننده دارونما دارد این موضوع باید به اطلاع شرکت کنندگان رسانده شود. شماره تماس فرد مسئول پژوهش و کمیته اخلاق در پژوهش ارزیابی کننده طرح.

توجه به نکات زیر مهم است: اطمینان از محرمانه ماندن اطلاعات شرکت کنندگان در پژوهش. اطمینان از درک مطالب توضیح داده شده به شرکت کننده در پژوهش. تاکید بر و اطمینان از، آزادانه بودن انتخاب فرد برای شرکت در مطالعه به ویژه زمانی که پزشک معالج خود پژوهشگر است. ارائه نتایج مربوط به شرکت کنندگان در پژوهش در صورت تمایل آنها.

Respect for Potential and Enrolled Subjects Permitting withdrawal from the research Protecting privacy through confidentiality Informing participants of newly discovered risks or benefits Informing participants of results of clinical research Maintaining welfare of participants

Are these ethical requirements necessary and sufficient? Value, validity, fair subject selection and respect for participants are all necessary. Clinical research that neglected or violated any of these requirements would be unethical. Independent review and informed consent are procedural requirements.

راهنماي عمومي اخلاق در پژوهشهاي علوم پزشکي داراي آزمودني انساني در جمهوري اسلامي ايران general.pdf

راهنماهای اختصاصی راهنماي اخلاقي کارآزماييهاي باليني راهنماي اخلاقي پژوهش بر گامت و رويان راهنماي اخلاقي پژوهشهاي ژنتيک پزشکي راهنمای اختصاصی پژوهش های علوم پزشکی مرتبط با HIV/AIDS راهنماي اخلاقي پژوهش با سلولهاي بنيادي راهنماي اخلاقي پژوهش بر گروههاي آسيب پذير راهنماي اخلاقي پژوهش بر حيوانات راهنماي اخلاقي پژوهش هاي پيوند عضو و بافت راهنمای کشوری اخلاق در انتشار آثار پژوهشی علوم پزشکی

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