Chapter 9 Review Urban Geography

A. cities arose in the same places that were hearths for agriculture. B. Agricultural surplus + Social Stratification = - CITY Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture and economics.

5 Hearths of Urbanization

1st Urban Revolution Formation of cities Rural to Urban migration- the movement of people from the countryside to the city usually in search of : 1.) economic opportunities 2.)a better life (pull factors)

2nd Urban Revolution A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2. industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources

Rank Size Rule in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example: largest city = 12 million 2nd largest = 6 million 3rd largest = 4 million 4th largest = 3 million Real world example- Australia

Primate City The leading city of a country. The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country. For example: London, UK Mexico City, Mexico Paris, France - the rank-size rule does not work for a country with a primate city

Types of Cities Megalopolis- Boston to Washington D.C. Megacity – Delhi World City – New York, London, Tokyo Gateway City – San Francisco Forward capital – Brasilia Edge City – Century City

Zones of the City Central business district (CBD) Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)

Suburbanization The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outer edges of the cities. Starting around 1945, after WWII. Causes: 1. the automobile 2. 40 hour work week 3. home loan structures = affordable to middle class. 4. now are the modern edge cities.

North American City Models Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) Sector model (Homer Hoyt) Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

Latin American City (Griffin-Ford)

African City (De Blij)

S.E.Asian City McGee Model

Vocabulary Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods. Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes and low prices, to generate “white flight.” Inner City Decay- parts of large urban areas that lose large portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. The inner city loses its tax base and becomes the center of poverty. Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood. Commercialization – city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city. Urban Sprawl- Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

Central Place Theory Walter Christaller a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed.