ECE 333 Renewable Energy Systems Lecture 1:Introduction Dr. Karl Reinhard Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign reinhrd2@illinois.edu

ECE 333 Teaching Staff Dr. Karl Reinhard TA Lesley Cheng Office hours are as given in the syllabus

About Dr. Karl Reinhard Colonel, U.S. Army (retired) – 28+ years Executive Officer to Director, Joint IED Defeat Organization (DoD) Commander, 71st Ordnance Group (EOD) HQ Dept of the Army EOD Staff Officer Commander, 3d Ordance Battalion (EOD)

About Dr. Karl Reinhard Education BS EE – United States Military Academy (’82) MS EE University of Texas at Austin (’92) PhD EE UIUC (’17) -- Power and Energy Systems Masters Military Arts, U.S. Army War College (’05) Licensed Professional Engineer (Virginia) Taught ECE 333 (Sp ’17) and ECE 445 (Sp & Fa ’17)

About Dr. Karl Reinhard Personal Married Becky (2017) 4 children Shawn, 28, UIUC 2015 Andrew, 26, UIUC 2014 Ellie, 15, 9th grade Baylor, 14, 8th grade Lived in Urbana (8 years) Wife Sally passed away 2014 Father Served 28 years in Army Lived in 10 states, 4 Countries Moved 27 times

About Leslie Professional: Undergrad: UIUC Grad: UIUC (started Fall 2017) Part of Prof. Haran’s research group since Fall 2016 Non-professional: Goes to the gym almost everyday and has an appetite to match Headphone enthusiast Thinks cold winters are the best season Has a boot collection Occasional baker Me in the cold Most worn in boots Favorite headphones

Green Electric Energy Systems (i.e. non-diminishing) Course Focus: Sustainable Electric Energy sources  Solar & Wind Emphasizing Electrical Engineering aspects Systems perspective (i.e. Source to User chain; time/space) Large-scale and distributed Will not include -- Nuclear -- Large-scale hydro -- Biological sources Technical emphasis w/ relevant ethical and policy issues Prerequisites: ECE 205 or ECE 210

What is Energy ?? Mechanical Macroscopic Translational & Rotational K.E. & P.E. Thermal K.E. in microscopic particle motion Electric P.E. stored in Electric fields Magnetic P.E. stored in Magnetic fields Radiant P.E. stored in fields propagated by EM radiation (incl. light) Gravitational P.E. stored in Gravitational fields Chemical P.E. stored in chemical bonds Ionization P.E. binding an electron to its atom or molecule Nuclear P.E. that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus Elastic P.E. in material deformation exhibiting a restorative force

Estimated U.S. Energy Consumption 2016 https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/assets/images/energy/us/Energy_US_2016.png

What is Energy ?? Mechanical Electric Magnetic Gravitational Chemical Macroscopic translational and rotational K.E. & P.E. Electric P.E. stored in E fields Magnetic P.E. stored in B fields Gravitational P.E. stored in gravitational fields Chemical P.E. stored in chemical bonds Ionization P.E. binding an electron to its atom or molecule Nuclear P.E. that binds nucleons to form the atomic nucleus Elastic P.E. in material deformation exhibiting a restorative force Radiant P.E. stored in fields propagated by EM radiation (incl. light) Rest Mass P.E. due to an object's rest mass Thermal K.E. in microscopic particle motion

Why is Energy Important? To feel green? To use less energy? To have a higher standard of living? To decrease our carbon dioxide emissions now? In the future? To have more renewable energy? To have less expensive energy? To have jobs? To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

What are our Energy Objectives? To feel green? To use less energy? To have a higher standard of living? To decrease our carbon dioxide emissions now? In the future? To have more renewable energy? To have less expensive energy? To have jobs? To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

Engineers Have Long Been “Green” In 150 years, Lighting Efficacy has improved x 1000 Candle: 0.05 lumens/watt Incandescent bulb: 15.00 ̎ LED bulb: 130.00 ̎ J. Y. Tsao, "Solid-state lighting: lamps, chips, and materials for tomorrow," in IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 28-37, May-June 2004.

ECE 333 Syllabus Introduction / Electric Power Fundamentals Electric Power Grid / Power Flow Introduction Conventional Generation Electric Power Economics The Solar Resource Photovoltaic Materials and Systems Energy Storage The Wind Resource Wind Power Systems Wind/Grid Integration Smart Grid Integration Issues

Notation - Power Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy Power Units Watts = voltage x current for dc (W) kW – 1 x 103 Watt MW – 1 x 106 Watt GW – 1 x 109 Watt Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person) Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

Notation - Energy Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system Energy Units Joule = 1 Watt-second (J) kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J) Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas) U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

North America Interconnections

Electric Systems in Energy Context Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

Looking at the 2013 Energy Pie: Where the USA Got Its Energy About 82% Fossil Fuels About 40% of our energy is consumed in the form of electricity, a percentage that is gradually increasing. The vast majority on the non- fossil fuel energy is electric! In 2013 we got about 1.6% of our energy from wind and 0.3% from solar (PV and solar thermal), 0.2% from geothermal 1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency) Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption Energy in Quads Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

Renewable Energy Consumption 2013 Data (Quad) Total: 9.3 Hydro: 2.6 Wood: 2.1 Bio: 2.0 Wind: 1.6 Waste: 0.5 Solar: 0.3 Geo: 0.2 Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

Growth in US Wind Power Capacity The quick development time for wind of 6 months to a year means that changes in federal tax incentives can have an almost immediate impact on construction Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 3 Qtr, 2014

The World Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012

The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2013 Data China – 110.6 USA – 95.0 Europe – 81.4 Russia – 31.5 India – 23.9 Japan – 20.3 Africa – 17.3 Canada – 13.3 Brazil – 12.0 World total was about 529 Quad in 2012; Average per 100 Million people is about 7. If world used US average total consumption would be about 2150 quad! Source: US DOE EIA

Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2011 data) Iceland: 688.3 Norway: 386.8 Kuwait: 577.2 Canada: 393.7 USA: 312.7 Australia: 276.9 Russia: 213.3 France: 165.9 Japan: 164.0 Germany: 165.4 UK: 134.5 S. Africa: 115.3 China: 77.5 Brazil: 60.1 Indonesia: 25.6 India: 19.7 Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 5.0 Malawi: 1.9 Chad: 0.3 Source http://www.eia.doe.gov

World Population Trends Country 2005 2015 2025 % Japan 127.5 126.9 123.3 -3.3 Germany 82.4 80.8 79.2 -3.9 Indonesia 220.2 256.0 276.7 25.6 USA 295.7 321.3 351.3 18.8 China 1306 1361 1394 6.7 India 1094 1251 1396 27.6 World 6474 7253 7986 23.3 Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions are Down to mid 1990’s levels Part of the reason for the decrease is due to low natural gas prices, which has caused greatly increased natural gas generation and less coal generation. Source: US DOE EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013

Worldwide CO2 Emissions Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to climb, from 23,700 billion metric tons in 2000 to 32,700 in 2012 Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010 (billion metric tons) Country 2000 2012 USA 5861 5270 China 2850 8547 India 1002 1831 Russia 1499 1781 Japan 1201 1259 Europe 4459 4263

Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising Value was about 280 ppm in 1800, 399 in 2014 Rate of increase is about 2 ppm per year Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean; value for first 11 months of 2014 is about 0.558 (about tied for highest) Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk

Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/map-blended-mntp/201409-201411.gif

Annual Temperatures for Illinois Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate-change/iltren-temp.png

But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends Estimated surface temperature in Sargasso Sea (located in North Atlantic) Europe was clearly warmer in 1000AD; worldwide temperatures are more debated Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

Going Back a Few More Years http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png

And a Few More – Mostly Very Cold! http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png

Millions and Tens of Millions

And Where Might Temps Go? Note that the models show rate of increase values of between 0.2 to 0.5 C per decade. The rate from 1975 to 2005 was about 0.2 C per decade. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html#Temperature

Energy Economics Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs (though cost of solar has decreased substantially recently) Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices) Coal, wind, hydro are in between Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity