The Protestant Reformation Renaissance and Religion Humanism brings order to uncertain world Humanism cause man to question the central force in their lives: THE CHURCH Issues for concern: Warlike Popes Lavish lifestyles Selling of Indulgences Lack of Focus on Biblical teachings Early Protest John Wycliffe (England) Jan Hus (present day Czech Republic) Erasmus (Netherlands)

The Protestant Reformation cont. Martin Luther 1517 German Monk The Wittenberg Incident Johann Tetzel, Indulgences, and St. Peters Cathedral in Rome The 95 Theses - No biblical basis for indulgences and renounced the authority of the Pope The Diet of Worms (pronounced Verms) 1521 Luther Excommunicated by Pope Leo X Charles V summons Luther to recant Luther on the run

The Protestant Reformation cont. Luther’s Teachings – Biblically based People should have access to God German Bible translation Banned indulgences, confessions, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints Simplification of rituals; focus on message Clergy can marry - biblical support Luther’s Teaching Spread Lutheran and Protestant Terminology Protestant religion spread thanks to the Printing Press New teaching lead to revolt Charles V, German Princes, and Peace of Augsburg Chose Lutheran or Catholicism for their people

Protestant Reformation Spreads Switzerland Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin Organized Protestant Church practices Adopted many Lutheran beliefs Calvin add own beliefs Predestination (pg. 241) Saints and Sinners The Theocracy at Geneva The model community Calvinism spreads Religious Wars Begin

Protestant Sects The Anabaptist (no infant baptism) Adhered to most protestant beliefs, but also added some concepts Abolishing of Private Property Rights Religious tolerance Separation of church & state Peaceful vs. Violent (radical) sects Speeding God’s Return (via violence) John of Leyden Munster, Germany 1534 Baptists, Mennonites, & Amish today all trace back to Anabaptists

The English Reformation pg. 243 King Henry VIII and The Anglican Church Catherine of Aragon and Mary Tudor Anne Boleyn Church refuses to annul the marriage Henry strips authority of the Pope in England Thomas Cranmer annuls marriage Elizabeth I is born Supremacy Act passed making Henry the Head of Church in England - Anglican Catholics on the run in England Henry not so Protestant? John Wycliffe started the idea of church reform & separating from the Catholic church….but that did not happen until King Henry 8th.

The English Reformation cont. Edward VI Only male heir of Henry VIII Much more Protestant than Henry Book of Common Prayer Mary Tudor England’s brief return to Catholic faith Elizabeth I Elizabethan settlement Mixture of Catholic and Protestant practices England clearly Protestant but stable

Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III Strikes Back Council of Trent (1545) Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine Salvation through faith & good works End abuses of the Church Schools for clergy The Inquisition Middle Age rooting out of heresy Index of Forbidden Books The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Fierce obedience to the Catholic Church Teresa of Avila New manual for (strict) convent and monastic living Have students open their book & read page 245: Council of Trent & Inquisition

Legacy of the Counter Reformation The Catholic Stronghold Most of Europe will remain Catholic Religious debate over government creates further division Religious Wars Witch Hunts (1450-1750) Included midwives & herbalists Jewish Persecution

The Scientific Revolution Changing View of Universe Renaissance and Reformation challenges previous medieval worldview Laws and Reason governed the world Geocentric v. Heliocentric View Ptolemy v. Copernicus On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler confirm Copernicus view along with ellipse concept Galileo Galilei Telescope proof Heresy!

The Scientific Method Observation and Experimentation Plato’s work discovered! Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes “Truth is discovered after a long process of experimentation” Descartes - Discourse of Method Scientific Method is Born

Medicine and Chemistry Advancements based off of the works of Galen (ancient physician) Andreas Vesalius 1543 On the Structure of the Human Body Ambroise Pare Ointments and surgical techniques William Harvey Circulatory System Anton van Leeuwenhoek Microscope and cells Robert Boyle Composition of matter Elements and Compounds

Sir Isaac Newton Newton and Gravity Gravity makes planets move? Nature follows laws Nature follows math Hard Proof of Planetary Motion