The Renaissance CH 15, 16, pt 17

COLD Colonialism Oceanic trade Labor (forced) Discovery

#1 Who is the Bigshot? Byzantine Empire threatened, then fell to the _____in 1453 Seljuk Turks!!! Islamic caliphate murdered in 1258 by ?????? Mongols!!! Who’s next?

Will it be Islam? Middle East- religious leaders dominated Caliphate decline=Landlords seized power over peasants feudalism by 1100 Ag. Production fell Tax revenue declined Arab traders lost ground European began to control trade Ottoman Turks- Ch 21 Power Vacuum in International Leadership Mongol’s developed first global land trade network End of Mongol Empire=Turn to seaborne trade

Will it be China? Massive, state OCEANIC trade by Zhenghe in 1405 62 vessels, 28,000 men Est. trade in Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea America?! Expeditions halted in 1433 Cost unacceptable; Confucian scholars disliked Zhenghe Focus on internal development, isolation Population, Ag. Prod Increase, traded porcelain/textiles What if????

Rise of the West At first-Unlikely Candidate in 14th & 15th Century Aristocracy focused on ritual, luxury (jousting tournaments!) Lives, economies activities of ordinary Europeans in disarray Famines Plague Peasant uprisings How could it rise?

3 Steps Strengthening of feudal monarchies provided regional leadership 100 Years War and Reconquista stimulated military innovation increased centralized power Increasing urbanization promoted commercial economy Church accepted features of capitalism

International Considerations for Europe Europe not ATTACKED by Mongols- LEARNED from them Printing, compass, explosive powder Unfavorable balance of trade & Gold Shortage Europe wanted spices, silk, sugar, perfume, jewels Only exported crude goods: wool, tin, honey, salt, GOLD Gold shortage!!!! New Muslim threat with Ottoman Turks Muslim continued control of Asian trade Answer: find an “alternate route to Asia”

Pt 2:CHANGING BELIEF SYSTEMS

The Renaissance 1400, Italy began vital cultural, political movement: the Renaissance Focus on the secular Italian source of Renaissance Roman heritage Leader in banking, trade -contacts Competitive city-states Gov’t financed new ventures, supported commerce, arts

Human Values & Renaissance Culture Concern with stylistic grace, practical grace, code of behavior Francesco Petrarch explored glories of personal achievement Art secular subjects realistic portrayal Perspective Colors Greco-Roman classicism

The Church Weakens 1517-Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to church door in Wittenberg Germany Argued against church abuses salvation is by faith alone-sola fide Scripture alone- sola scriptura\ Priesthood of all believers 1531- Henry VIII established church of England 1541- John Calvin sets up Reformed church in Geneva The Catholic Church was splitting up!!!

Counter Reformation Jesuits- attempt to persuade Protestants back to Catholic Church Index of Prohibited Books Inquisition- court to try heretics. Especially brutal in Spain. What would work best?

3. Scientific Method Francis Bacon- popularizes scientific method (hypothesis, experiment, observe, conclude) Copernicus- heliocentric theory (sun centered solar system) William Harvey- circulatory system Galileo- continued Copernicus’s work+ gravity experimentation Isaac Newton 1687- discovered laws of motion and gravity (explains the rules of planetary motion and MUCH more)