Introduction to the World of Computers

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Chapter 1:Introduction to the world of computers
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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to the World of Computers

Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? Why do you need basic computer literacy? How do we use computers in our lives?

When did it all begin? 1946 first computer created by Alan Turing Invented a machine that cracked intercepted coded messages -- enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements Up to the1980’s Computers were large, expensive Very few people had access to them Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks Microcomputers (PC’s) were created in the early 80s Inexpensive personal computers Computer use increased dramatically

Computers Then and Now First-generation computers (1946-1957) Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of heat ENIAC Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert First successful high-speed electronic digital computer UNIVAC First commercially successful electronic digital computer Used magnetic tape

Computers Then and Now Second-generation computers (1958-1963) Used transistors Invented at Bell Laboratories Replaced vacuum tubes Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy- efficient, and more reliable Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data

Computers Then and Now Third-generation computers (1964-1970) Used integrated circuits (ICs) Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments Small chip containing thousands of transistors Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter Keyboards and monitors introduced

Generations 1,2,3 Vacuum tubes Transistors Circuit boards

Computers Then and Now Fourth-generation computers (1971-present) Use microprocessors Created by Intel Corporation Small chip containing millions of transistors Functions as the central processing unit (CPU) IBM PC, Apple Macintosh Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced

Altair 8800 The first personal computer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output Bill Gates and Paul Allen created a compiler for BASIC Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Apple I and Apple II Apple I built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, followed by Apple II in 1977 Used Motorola processor First fully contained microcomputer Highly successful Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Early Competitors Commodore PET 2001 Radio Shack’s TRS-80 The Osborne Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

IBM PC IBM entered the small-computer market in 1981 Released the IBM PC 64 KB of memory, expandable to 256 KB Started at $1,565 Sold at retail outlets such as Sears and Computerland Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Computers Then and Now: Fifth Generation Computers Fifth-generation (now and the future) Most commonly defined as being based on artificial intelligence (AI) Voice and touch input are used today Future computers may be different, such as: Optical computers Tiny computers that utilize nanotechnology General-purpose computers built into everyday devices

Where are we today? Pervasive computing Computers are everywhere and have become an integral part of our lives Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities, such as to: Check e-mail on living room television Make telephone calls via a computer View Internet content on a smartphone

Computing Devices in the Home Smart homes and smart appliances Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house or a smartphone Appliances have built-in computer or communication technology Computers are used for a variety of tasks: Looking up information and news Exchanging e-mail Shopping and paying bills Watching TV, videos, and movies Downloading music and movies Organizing digital photographs Playing games Making vacation plans

Computing Devices in Education Most children and teens have used computers all their lives Computer labs and classrooms Most students today have access to computers at school Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum Some schools supply or require a device Wireless hotspots Allow students to access the Internet and campus resources Distance learning Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access

Computing Devices on the Job Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool Used by all types of employees Used for decision-making, productivity, and communications Used for access control and other security measures Used by service professionals Used extensively by the military Often requires periodically updating computer skills Some jobs exist because computers exist

What is it we need to have? Computer literacy understanding what a computer is and how it works is an essential skill for everyone

What Is a Computer? Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform 5 Basic Computer operations Input: Entering data into the computer Processing: Performing operations on the data Output: Presenting the results (information) Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use Communications: Sending or receiving data

What does a computer do? Data Information Information processing Raw, unorganized facts Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information processing Converting data into information

Hardware associated with all five computer operations Input devices Used to input data into the computer Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. Processing devices Perform calculations and control computer’s operation Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output devices Present results to the user Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.

Communications devices Hardware associated with all five computer operations Storage devices Used to store data on or access data from storage media Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. Communications devices Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information Modems, network adapters, etc.

Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection Remember that there is hardware associated with all five computer operations

Hardware

Software Software: The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do Two types of software: System software: Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation Application software: Performs specific tasks or applications

Software System Software Application Software Without OS computer cannot function Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc. Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. Creating letters, budgets, etc. Managing inventory and customer databases Editing photographs Scheduling appointments Viewing Web pages Sending and receiving e-mail Recording / playing CDs/DVDs Designing homes Playing games

Review Define COMPUTER What are the 5 basic operations What is data? What is information? What is hardware? What hardware is used for each operation? Input devices Processing devices Output Devices Storage devices Communication devices?

Computers to Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: Embedded computers Mobile devices Personal computers Midrange servers Mainframe computers Supercomputers

Category 1: Embedded Computers Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product Cannot be used as general-purpose computers Often embedded into: Household appliances Thermostats Sewing machines Cars

Category 2: Mobile Devices Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Typically based on mobile phones Typically have small screens and keyboards Examples: Smartphones Handheld gaming devices Tablets Smart Watches

Inside the Industry Smartphone Driver Licenses Several states are currently testing, and likely implementing, digital driver licenses (DDLs) DDLs resemble your paper driver license, and contain the same information DDLs are mobile apps that can contain additional features Some issues need to be resolved before widespread use A smartphone driver license.

Category 3: Personal Computers (PCs) Personal computer: A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time Also called a microcomputer Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one Can be PC- compatible or Macintosh Not designed to be portable

Category 3 continued: Portable Computers Notebook (laptop) computers: open to reveal keyboard and screen Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers

Category 4: Servers Server: A medium-sized (mid-range) computer used to host programs and data for a small network Users connect via a network with a computer, thin client, or dumb terminal

Category 5: Mainframe Computers Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers Usually operate 24 hours a day Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers

Category 6: Supercomputers Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.

Computer Networks and the Internet Computer network: A collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together. Users can share hardware, software, and data Users can communicate with each other

What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web? Internet: The largest and most well-known computer network in the world Internet traffic consists of: Email WWW File Transfers VoIP To access Internet Need a modem or network adapter Might require a user name and password Internet connection: Direct (always-on) connections Dial-up connections

Accessing a Network or the Internet Communication on the Internet requires an address 4 resource types IP address: Numeric address that identifies computers (207.46.197.32) Domain name: Text-based address that identifies computer websites (microsoft.com) Uniform resource locator (URL): Identifies specific Web pages (http://twitter.com/jobs/index.html) E-mail address: Identifies people for e-mail exchange (jsmith@cengage.com)

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) Protocols: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http://) is typically used to display Web pages (https:// is used for secure Web pages) File Transfer Protocol (ftp://) is often used for file exchange

Technology and Society: Risks Risks of a technology-oriented society include: Stress and health concerns Security issues Computer viruses and malware Identity theft and phishing Privacy issues Spam How collected data is used How secure the collected data is

Technology and Society: Online Communications Differences in online communications Less formal than traditional communications Netiquette Be polite and considerate of others Refrain from offensive remarks Abbreviations (acronyms) and emoticons are often used Acronyms, such as BTW (by the way) Emoticons (typically illustrations of faces), such as 

Review Define COMPUTER What are the 6 categories of computers What are the 5 basic operations What is hardware? What hardware is used for each operation? Input devices Processing devices Output Devices Storage devices Communication devices?

Review What is software? What are the two classifications of software? Define a computer user? Define a computer network? Is the Internet a network? Is the Internet the World Wide Web (WWW)?