Memory

What is Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Two Types of RAM Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Dual in-line memory module (DIMM)

Brief History of RAM First DRAM Chip Inventors of RAM Intel’s 1103 world’s first RAM chip Introduced October 1970 Inventors of RAM Robert Dennard Jay Forrester An Wang Kenneth Olsen Introduced in October 1970, the 1103 was the first commercially available DRAM IC; and due to its small physical size and low price relative to magnetic-core memory, it replaced the latter in many applications. Robert Dennard Robert Dennard was the inventor of ram: random access memory, the device was patented in 1968 by Dennard. Jay Forrester Jay Forrester was a pioneer in early digital computer development and invented random-access, coincident-current magnetic storage. An Wang An Wang invented the magnetic pulse controlling device, the principle upon which magnetic core memory is based. Kenneth Olsen Kenneth Olsen invented vital computer components, best known for "Magnetic Core Memory" Patent No. 3,161,861 and as being the cofounder of Digital Equipment Corporation.

Static RAM (SRAM) Stores data using 4 transistors for every bit of data Does not require constant power More Complex and Less Dense Faster and requires less power Requires periodic power to maintain state of memory Non-Volatile able to maintain memory when power is off Typically used in cache memory CPU HD Networking Devices

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Stores data using a single transistor for every bit of data (a 1 or a 0) Requires constant power Volatile Simple to implement Can be very dense Main memory system on a PC

4 generations of DRAM DDR DIMM Stick DDR2 DDR3 DDR4

DDR Released 2000 Bus Clock 100-200MHz Internal Memory Clock 100-200MHz Transfer Rate 200-400 MT/s 184 DIMM pins Max Capacity of 1GB Also called DDR1 SDRAM This is not forwards or backwards compatible with any other DIMM Stick There are 4 ways to measure a DRAM stick, its Bus Clock, Internal Memory Clock, Transfer Rate, and Capacity Calculate Transfer rate by Clock Speed x Bytes x 2 = Data Transfer Rate

DDR2 Released 2003 Bus Clock 200-533.33 MHz Internal Memory Clock 100-266.67 MHz Transfer Rate 400-1066.67 MT/s 240 DIMM pins Max Capacity 2GB

DDR3 Released 2007 Bus Clock 400-1066.67 MHz Internal Memory Clock 100-266.67 MHz Transfer Rate 800-2133.33 MT/s 240 DIMM pins Max Capacity 8GB

DDR4 Released 2014 Bus Clock 1066.67-2133.33 MHz Memory Clock 133.33-266.67 MHz Transfer Rate 2133.33-4266.67 MT/s 288 DIMM Pins Max Capacity 8GB

Future of Memory https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/intel-optane-technology.html https://www.amazon.com/Intel-Optane-Memory-Module- MEMPEK1W032GAXT/dp/B06XSXX3NS Goes into PCIE

When selecting RAM consider following factors: Packaging(form): Most important consideration is the packaging also called memory form. Controls both the physical size of the memory module and the memory standard (e.g, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4). Capacity: refers to the storage capacity of the memory module (e.g., 256 MB, 512 MB, 1GB) Frequency: for optimal performance you should match the memory frequency with the frequency supported by the system bus/memory controller. CAS Latency: delay between the time the data is requested and the time that the data is available on the module’s output pins.

Continued….. Error Correcting Code (ECC): type of memory that detects and corrects the common kinds of internal data corruption. Parity RAM: type of memory that checks for common kinds of internal data corruption. Buffered (registered): Ram has a buffer that holds memory addresses or data before it is transferred to the memory controller. SIngle or Double Sided: single sided RAM has memory that are organized into a single logical bank; double sides RAM has modules organized into two banks.

Installing Memory Memory modules are very sensitive to ESD. Take proper steps to prevent it. Install memory in correct slot. Align the memory before inserting. DO NOT force module in place. To remove RAM from motherboard, push the tabs down to rotate them back, then pull the RAM straight up.

For a dual-, triple-, and quad configuration: Are techniques used to double, triple, or quadruple the communication speed between the memory controller and the RAM. Must be installed in matching sets (capacity and speed), ideally with the same manufacturer and model. Can use different capacity modules between sets. Ex: you can use two 1 GB modules as one set and two 512 MB modules in the second set. Install modules in the slots specified in the motherboard documentation. Many motherboards color the slots, with slots used within a set having the same color

Following the installation, power the system and check for errors. Most systems will configure memory settings (frequency, voltage, and timing including latency) automatically based on information in the EEPROM chip.

Memory Troubleshooting Signs that your computer needs additional memory. High Disk Usage Not Enough Memory Errors Memory Problems and Meanings based on errors: The system boot fails and sounds a beep code. The system boots, but the display remains blank. The system boots, but the memory count is incorrect. Error messages Software generated memory problems Intermittent problems

What does RAM stand for and what is its main use? Question 1 What does RAM stand for and what is its main use?

Answer Random Access Memory - RAM Frees Space for your files, can be accessed in any order. Erased each time computer is turned off

Question 2 There are two different and specific types of RAM, what are they and what do they stand for?

Answer DRAM - Dynamic random access memory 2) SRAM - Static random access Memory

Question 3 There is an underlying problem with DRAM, what is it, and how does it affect data?

Answer The issue with DRAM is that the capacitors (which store electrical charges), lose their charge quickly and have to be recharged. This affects data because if we want to keep our data in RAM, we have to refresh that charge every so often, or itll be gone.

What is bandwidth and how is it expressed? Question 4 What is bandwidth and how is it expressed?

Answer Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be sent, and its typically expressed as Megabytes per second.

What is the equation for Data Transfer Rate/Bandwith? Question 5: What is the equation for Data Transfer Rate/Bandwith?

Answer Clock Speed x Bytes x 2 = Data Transfer Rate

What is a Memory Controller and how does to RAM? Question 6 What is a Memory Controller and how does to RAM?

Answer The go-between; basically, information is stored in and retrieved from RAM with the help of the memory controller. When the CPU wants to store or retrieve data to and from RAM, the memory controller is the chip responsible for getting the job done.

Question 7 You can find _____ used as cache memory for CPUs, as buffers on the motherboard or within hard drives, and as temporary storage for LCD screens. DRAM CRAM SRAM FAME

Answer C) SRAM

Question 7 What is SDRAM voltage? 3.3 Volts 5.6 Volts 23.3 Volts

Answer 3.3 Volts

ROM and Hard Drive are examples of _____ memory? Question 8 ROM and Hard Drive are examples of _____ memory? Volatile Intuitive Everlasting Non - Volatile

Answer d) Non - Volatile

Dual ___ Memory Module. Fill in the missing word for DIMM Question 9 Dual ___ Memory Module. Fill in the missing word for DIMM Initiative inline size frequent

Answer b) inline

Question 10 Which type of computer memory is the first to activate when you turn on your computer? FIOS CIOS NIOS BIOS

d) BIOS - Basic input output system Answer d) BIOS - Basic input output system

On what substance are memory cells etched on? BONUS!!!! On what substance are memory cells etched on? Plastic Fabric Silicon Copper

Answer c) Silicon

Sources http://whirlpool.net.au/wiki/ram_his https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR_SDRAM