Issues In African Nations Pan-Africanism = A movement for African independence and a united states of Africa

Ghana first African colony south of Sahara to achieve independence Kwame Nkrumah leader of nonviolent movement for independence from GB in 1947 1. organized strikes and boycotts 2. was imprisoned many times by British B. Ghana independent in 1957 1. Nkrumah first prime minister then president-for-life 2. New roads, schools, expanded health care facilities a. Industrialization, health and welfare programs and educational facilities = cost too much 3. Opposition to Nkrumah increased

C. 1966 the Army and Police in Ghana seized power 1. struggles between civilian and military rule began D. 2000 country held first open elections

II. Rwanda Made up of two groups: 1. Hutu (85%) – lower class 2. Tutsi (14%) – upper class B. Became a mandate colony of Belgium after WW I 1. Indirect control 2. Tutsi in administrative positions 3. Racial identity cards issued

C. Gained independence in 1962 from Belgium 1. conflict between the two groups for the next 30 years 2. Hutu in power = systematic discrimination against Tutsi April 1994 death of Hutu President leads to genocide of Tutsi people a. US and European countries evacuated their own people E. Slaughter finally ended in July 1994

South Africa Under Apartheid

Background I. British and Dutch control A. Racial conflict because of colonial rule 1. Small white minority ruled large black majority B. Granted self-rule in 1910 as dominion of GB C. Became independent member of British Commonwealth in 1931 1. Constitutional government 2. Whites have power, not blacks

II. Apartheid Segregates Society A. National Party came to power 1948 1. Promote Afrikaners (Dutch South African nationalism) 2. Instituted policy of apartheid = complete segregation of the races - no social contact a. segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods i. Children taught “dishwashing and weeding” in school b. White only jobs c. Blacks had to carry “passbooks” 3. 1959 government set up reserves called homelands a. Blacks forced to live in homelands b. Blacks = 75% of population living on 13% of land c. Whites kept best land for themselves

B. Blacks Protest 1. ANC - African National Congress est. 1912 a. To fight for rights b. 1960-1990 ANC outlawed and members arrested i. continued to operate illegally 2. Nelson Mandela - leader of ANC jailed 1964-1990 3. 1986 - national crisis

III. Struggle for democracy A. South Africa under international pressure to change 1980s 1. Embargoes, trade sanctions against South Africa 2. Kept from Olympic Games 1964-1992

IV. End of Apartheid President F. W. de Klerk legalized ANC in 1990 1. 1990 had Nelson Mandela released from prison 2. Ended segregation and land restrictions B. 1994 - first universal election 1. Nelson Mandela elected president C. Nobel Peace Prize 1. Mandela and de Klerk awarded jointly for bringing democracy to South Africa D. 1996 - new constitution included bill of rights