Ecological Footprint Mathis Wackernagel www.FootprintNetwork.org

Exponential growth model: Nt = N0 e(rt) Figure 10.2

Theoretical survivorship curves Figure 10.9 Survivorship curves fall into three general idealized types

Territoriality

If C>E, P increases; If C<E, P decreases Pequilibrium= 1-e/m equilibrium point, Where 0 = [mP(1-P)] - eP Fundamental idea of metapopulation persistence is a dynamic balance between the extinction of local populations and recolonization of empty habitat patches Metapopulation size: fraction of (discrete) habitat patches (P) occupied at any given time E e -probability of extinction M - probability of colonization If C>E, P increases; If C<E, P decreases Pequilibrium= 1-e/m

Increasing patch size functions to decrease the rate of extinction Increasing distance from neighbourin patches functions to decrease the rate of colonization

cattails Figure 13.12a Niche overlap Fundamental niche – full range of conditions and resources under which a species can survive Real;iized niche – portion of fundemental niche actually occupied because of competition

Figure 13.1c

kestrel vole weasel Figure 14.4 warbler

Optimal foraging theory Figure 14.10b Net energy gain per unit of time

Fundamental niche Figure 2.17 All living organisms have a range of environmental conditions under which they can survive, grow and reproduce Shade/sun tolerance The set of adaptations defines the fundamental niche of species 15

Physical structure Figure 16.5 Communities have physical structure (form and structure) Both zones: decomposotion is in bottom layer, energy fixing on top Terrestrial has more stratitification and complexity (strat. In water is physical; strat. In woods is biological In aquatic ecosystems: photic, aphotic and benthic zones

Organismic concept of communities Figure 16.12a

Continuum concept of communities Figure 16.12b Transitions are gradual and difficult to identify

Smooth cordgrass Black needle rush Salt meadow cordgrass Figure 17.12 pattern of plant zonation Black needle rush Salt meadow cordgrass Smooth cordgrass

Stress tolerance and competition Figure 17.9 General pattern of tradeoff between a species ability to survive and grow under low resource availability and the maximum rate of growth achieved under high resource availability Both environment anb competition

Autogenic vs. allogenic change Density Figure 18.10

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Figure 18.14 High Low 22

Theory of island biogeography Figure 19.13

Landscapes are shifting mosaics Figure 19.23

Table 27.3

Figure 26.5

Extinctions of Large Animals Recent extinctions have primarily affected large animals (which are more profitable prey for hunters) The timing of extinctions in different regions has coincided with the arrival of humans (note absence of extinctions in Africa)

Minimum viable population Figure 28.12 Minimum dynamic area