INTD409 Interior Environmental Technology Fall 2014/15 University of Nizwa Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Dept. of Architecture & Interior INTD409 Interior Environmental Technology Fall 2014/15 W 9/A Green Design Controls Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

Whole design Green Design Controls Architectural design/Site planning Lighting design Whole design HVAC design Water system design Energy management and control design 2

Architectural design & Site planning Green Design Controls Architectural design & Site planning 3

Bioclimatic architectural principles Orientation Thermal mass Surface to volume ratio Positioning of windows , shading Selection of materials for wall , roof, windows, including insulation Landscaping Buildings in hot climate… Orientation to cut off sun protected insulated windows external wall insulation Lower surface to volume, Lighter finishes, Water as landscape element Buildings in cold climate… Large windows to capture sun Thermal mass to store heat Minimum Shading Insulated walls and windows Darker finishes Well protected north 5

Effect of orientation on cooling load North – south orientation would reduce cooling loads by 1.5% Effect of efficient materials Roof and wall insulation reduced cooling load by 23 Insulated windows reduced cooling load by 9% (window to wall ratio 7%)‏ Use onsite sources and sinks Day lighting Earth cooling Natural Ventilation (night cooling) Earth cooling has helped do away with conventional space cooling and heating techniques for about 8 months a year 6

Green Design Controls Lighting Design 7

The passive solar practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural sunlight provides effective internal illumination. Use of effective solar control strategies (overhangs) and high performance glazings limit associated solar gains. Achieving this daylight credit will likely increase energy savings in the Energy and Atmosphere credits. This is largely due to savings in the electric lighting that results from well daylit spaces. Daylighting strategies can have synergies with other energy efficiency strategies such as displacement ventilation. Minimize site lighting where possible Full cutoff-luminaries Low-reflectance surfaces Low-angle spotlights 8

Green Design Controls Water System design 9

Landscaping & Water use reduction Reduce potable water consumption for landscape by 50% over a theoretical baseline design for the specific region. Successful Strategies: Drought tolerant plants Drip irrigation, moisture-sensing irrigation technologies Recycled rainwater system Municipally-provided non-potable water source use Water Use Reduction, 20% and 30% Reduction Dual flush water closets Ultra low-flow water closets and urinals Waterless Urinals Sensor-operated, Low-flow lavatories Rainwater collection reuse systems Graywater reuse systems 10

Landscaping & Water use reduction Reduce potable water consumption for landscape by 50% over a theoretical baseline design for the specific region. Successful Strategies: Drought tolerant plants Drip irrigation, moisture-sensing irrigation technologies Recycled rainwater system Municipally-provided non-potable water source use Water Use Reduction, 20% and 30% Reduction Dual flush water closets Ultra low-flow water closets and urinals Waterless Urinals Sensor-operated, Low-flow lavatories Rainwater collection reuse systems Graywater reuse systems 11

Energy management system Green Design Controls Energy management system 12

Lighting requirements Daylighting Whole building energy optimization Passive Systems High Performance Glazing High Efficiency Water Heating Insulation Building Envelope design Reduced Energy requirements Controls: Enthalpy control, Economizer, Reheat by Steam Occupancy Load, Equipment Schedule Reduced Lighting requirements Reduced HVAC requirements High Efficiency Lamps, Ballasts, Luminaires Sensors, Controls High Efficiency AHUs, FCUs High Efficiency Pumps High Efficiency Chillers High Efficiency Cooling Towers 13

Photovoltaic Photovoltaic (Solar electric) is a device which produce free electrons when exposed to light resulting in power generation. Photovoltaic does not release any of the green house gases when in use. Photovoltaic uses a non-conventional, renewable source of energy which has no adverse effects on the environment. 23 kW solar photovoltaic system 55% energy savings over base building 14

Photovoltaic Applications Shading Elements Flat Roofs Facades Roof Top Atria & Skylight 15

Sustainability at Site Replace asphalt with concrete where possible Plant trees in vegetation strips around parking lots or sidewalks. Consolidate parking into a parking garage Bioswales Filtration basins (filters) Detention Ponds / Retention Ponds Vegetated filter strips Pervious paving Vegetated/Garden Roofs Energy Star rated roofing systems High reflectivity coatings 16

Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning Green Design Controls Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 17

The main purpose of commercial HVAC (Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning) systems is to provide the people working inside the building with “conditioned “ air . "Conditioned" air means that air is clean and odor-free, and the temperature, humidity, and movement of the air are within certain comfort ranges Systems may be clustered at a central location and serve an entire campus of buildings Locate system away from acoustically sensitive areas of the building Selecting efficient air conditioning based on your climate. Selecting the proper type of and efficient heating system for your climate Designing and sealing air distribution systems properly. 18

Replace CFC-based refrigerant. Consider non-refrigerant based cooling such as evaporative cooling in dryer climates. Consider photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, wind, biomass, and bio-gas energy technologies Sophisticated Electrical Management Systems, Building Automation Systems or Direct Digital Control systems inherently include most of the required monitoring points. Combine carbon dioxide monitors with demand based ventilation. Include carbon dioxide sensor points in BAS/DDC for system design automation. Consider adjustable underfloor air diffusers, or thermostat controlled VAV boxes. Operable windows can be used in lieu of comfort controls for occupants of areas that are 20 feet inside of and 10 feet to either side of the operable part of the window 19

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has established standards which outline air quality for indoor comfort conditions that are acceptable to 80% or more of a commercial building's occupants. Generally, these indoor comfort conditions, sometimes called the "comfort zone," are between 68 degrees F and 75 degrees F for winter and 73 degrees F to 79 degrees F during the summer. Both these temperature ranges are for room air at approximately 50% relative humidity and moving at velocity of 30 feet per minute or slower 20

Renewable energy systems Optimize energy performance Use of integrated building and system design process yields a savings of up to 50-60% over conventionally designed buildings. Efficiency measures typically payback in 1-3 year time 21