Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas Šeimos medicinos klinika

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Presentation transcript:

Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas Šeimos medicinos klinika Antimikrobinio atsparumo problema. Teisingas antibiotikų skyrimas šeimos gydytojo darbe Dr. Gediminas Urbonas Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas Medicinos Akademija Šeimos medicinos klinika

Racionali antibiotikoterapija Antibiotikų skirti tik esant bakterinei infekcijai Antibiotikas turi veikti tikėtinus sukėlėjus Infekcijos židinyje turi susidaryti pakankama antibakterinio vaisto koncentracija Skirti adekvačią antibiotiko dozę Gydyti pakankamai ilgai

Pasėliai?

Aminopenicilinams atsparios E.coli paplitimas Europoje 2014 metais* *The European Surveillance System, ECDC

Bakterijos gamina antibiotikus inaktyvuojančias medžiagas Β-laktaminis žiedas βlaktamazės

Fluorochinolonams atsparios E.coli paplitimas Europoje 2014 metais* *The European Surveillance System, ECDC

Įgytas bakterijų atsparumas antibiotikams Keičiasi antibiotiko “taikinys”, ir antibiotikas jo nepažįsta 30S RIBOSOMOS SUBVIENETAS Explain classes and where they affect the bacterial cell More detail to follow. Tetraciklinai 50S RIBOSOMOS SUBVIENETAS Makrolidai DNR-GIRAZĖ DNR Chinolonai *Modified from Dr. Hugh Robson

Antibiotikai šeimos gydytojo darbe Neskiriami laiku Skiriami per trumpai Skiriama per daug ar netinkamo spektro Skiriami per ilgai Šeimos gydytojas turi greitai apsispręsti!

Virusinė ar bakterinė viršutinių kvėpavimo takų infekcija? Lokalizacija Virusinė kilmė Bakterinė kilmė Sukėlėjai Vidurinės ausies uždegimas 20% 65% Str.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, M.catarrhalis Faringitas/faringotonzilitas 60% 37% A grupės ß hemolizinis streptokokas, atipiniai sukėlėjai Sinusitas 85-95% 6-15% Alter S., Vidwan N., Sobande P. et all. Common Childhood Bacterial Infections. Curr probl pediatr adolesc health care. 2011 Nov;41(10):256-83.

Greitas A grupės β hemolizinio streptokoko nustatymo testas: jautrumas 80 proc. specifiškumas 94 proc.

CRB pokytis nuo karščiavimo pradžios bakterinės (raudona spalva) ir virusinės (žalia spalva) infekcijos atveju C-reactive protein (CRP) values by time from fever onset for bacterial (circles) and viral (crosses) infections. The fit lines for both subgroups with 95% CI are presented (upper, bacterial; lower, viral). p-Value for CRP difference between bacterial and viral infections at all time points <0.05. Segal I et al. Arch Dis Child doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305640 Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. All rights reserved.

Bronchitas ar pneumonija?

CRB kaip bakterinės pneumonijos žymuo* Specifiškumas 96 proc. Jautresnis, nei leukocitozė ar karščiavimas >75 proc. atvejų >100 mg/l <5 proc. atvejų <50 mg/l * 1. Castro-Guardiola A, Armengou-Arxe A, Viejo-Rodriguez A, et al. Differential diagnosis between community-acquired pneumonia and non-pneumonia diseases of the chest in the emergency ward. Eur J Intern Med 2000;11:334–9. 2. Smith RP, Lipworth BJ, Cree IA, et al. C-reactive protein. A clinical marker in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 1995;108:1288–91. 3. Hansson LO, Hedlund JU, Ortqvist AB. Sequential changes of inflammatory and nutritional markers in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997;57:111–8.

Dažniausi pneumonijos sukėlėjai S.pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Klebsiella pneumoniae

Aminopenicilinams atsparaus Str Aminopenicilinams atsparaus Str. pneumoniae paplitimas Europoje 2014 metais* *The European Surveillance System, ECDC

Kiti atsparumo mechanizmai Antibiotikus ardantys fermentai Antibiotikus inaktyvinantys fermentai Aktyvus antibiotiko pašalinimas iš ląstelės

C M

Chlamydia pneumoniae* Intraląstelinis patogenas (auga makrofaguose, lygiųjų raumenų, virpamojo epitelio ir kt. ląstelėse) Slopina virpamojo epitelio funkciją, sąlygoja atkaklų sausą kosulį *File TN Jr, Tan JS. Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia. Respir Critical care Med. 2000; 21: 285-294

Mycoplasma pneumoniae ir Chlamydia pneumoniae : laboratorinės diagnostikos sunkumai Atipinių patogenų sąlygotą infekciją patvirtina Lietuvoje prieinami serologiniai tyrimai bet... specifiniai IgM antikūnai atsiranda tik po 1-6 savaičių nuo ligos pradžios

Antibiotikų veikimo mechanizmas MIKROBŲ SIENELĖS BALTYMŲ SINTEZĖS INHIBITORIAI (B laktamatai) BAKTERIJA Penicilinai Cefalosporinai 30S RIBOSOMOS SUBVIENETAS Explain classes and where they affect the bacterial cell More detail to follow. Tetraciklinai 50S RIBOSOMOS SUBVIENETAS Makrolidai DNR-GIRAZĖ DNR Chinolonai *Modified from Dr. Hugh Robson

Makrolidams atsparaus Str. pneumoniae paplitimas Europoje 2014 metais* *The European Surveillance System, ECDC

H influenzae gamina β-laktamazes Didžioji Britanija*: 15 proc. Prancūzija**: 35 proc. JAV***: 35 proc. Italija****: 11 proc. Ispanija****: 14 proc. *Morrissey I, Robbins M, Viljoen L, Brown DF. Antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the UK during 2002/3 determined locally and centrally by BSAC methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:200-8. **Blosser-Middleton R, Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Hogan PA, Critchley IA et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 840 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae collected in four European countries in 2000-2001. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 95:431-6. ***Heilmann KP, Rice CL, Miller AL et al. Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2561-4. ****Rennie RP, Ibrahim H. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae: how can we prevent the inevitable? Data from the TARGETed surveillance program. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41 (Suppl. 4):S234-8.

Pneumonijos sunkumo kriterijai* 1 kriterijus: 1 balas Sumišimas Kvėpavimo dažnis ≥ 30/min. Sistolinis AKS < 90 mmHg ir/arba diastolinis AKS ≤ 60 mmHg Amžius ≥65 m. Lengva pneumonija Gydymas namuose 3-4 Sunki pneumonija Skubus stacionarinis gydymas 1-2 Vidutinio sunkumo pneumonija Svarstyti dėl gydymo stacionare *British thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009

Gairės: ruošimo momentu buvusių mokslo pasiekimų interpretacija Ligos eiga Paciento amžius Gretutinės ligos Socialinė aplinka

4 aspektai, renkantis antibiotiką Tikėtinas sukėlėjas Antibiotiko koncentracija infekcijos židinyje (patekimas į konkretų audinį) Antibiotiko terapinis indeksas (saugumas) Bakterijų rezistentiškumo antibiotikams vystymosi tikimybė

“Tipiniai” sukėlėjai Makrolidai ir fluorochinolonai: rezerviniai antibiotikai! Penicilinas Aminopenicilinai Cefalosporinai Aminopenicilinai su sulbaktamu ar klavulanine rūgštimi A grupės b-hemolizinis streptokokas Str. pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis E.Coli

“Atipiniai” sukėlėjai Makrolidai Aminopenicilinai Cefalosporinai Aminopenicilinai su sulbaktamu ar klavulanine rūgštimi Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydiae

Racionali antibiotikoterapija Doc. A. Bagdonas, 2002 Aiškūs bakterinės infekcijos požymiai; patvirtintos indikacijos Ab Mažiausias nepageidaujamas poveikis Efektyvus infekcijos gydymas Pasirenkamas mažiausiai toksiškas Ab Atsižvelgiama į paciento amžių, gretutines ligas, inkstų, kepenų f-ją Sąveiką su kt. vaistais Tinkamas Ab veikimo spektras ir būdas Maksimali eradikacija Nustačius sukėlėją - siauro veikimo spektro Ab Adekvatus Ab vartojimo būdas ir dozės Pakankama gydymo trukmė Minimali atsparių padermių vystymosi rizika