Chapter 5: communications

For Reference https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tUS-JozORQ Seeeee Yaaa Fail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AFv48IWhJw Air China “Talks” to JFK Ground https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwLTOYKOVFU You guys are going nowhere Communication Overall it’s a resource to assist the pilot.

Outline Radar and ATC Services Radio Procedures Radar and Radar Accessories Radio Procedures Talking like a Sir Sources of Flight Information

Radar (Primary) (Radio Detection and Ranging) Capabilities Range and Azimuth (ex. VORs) Limitations Atmospheric Temperature inversions Precipitation/Heavy cloud cover Altitude Requires line of sight Radar just send out radio signals that bounce back to the station and are detected Azimuth: A measurement that begins at North and increases clockwise Picture Idea: The

Radar (Secondary) Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) i.e. the Transponder system Components Decoder—assigns discrete transponder code (ground based) Interrogator—transmits coded signal that activates transponder reply Returns are independent of primary radar returns Transponder—equipment on aircraft (continued) It is the secondary radar, yet combines primary and secondary? Insert picture of transponder on a separate slide

Transponder Returns Mode C altitude information Operation Altitude is combined with primary radar returns and displayed on radarscope Operation Inspection—every 24 months if flying controlled airspace IDENT—used to establish positive radar contact SQUAWK—4-digit code assigned to aircraft 1200—standard VFR operations 7500—Hijacking emergency 7600—Communication Failure 7700—General Emergencies IDENT is upon the request of the ATC controller if the airspace is congested. IDENT makes your signal appear brighter on the screen SQUAWK codes are assigned when entering airspace through controller, when changing codes. MAKE SURE NONE OF THE EMERGENCIES COME UP (scroll the long way) NOT EVEN FOR A MICRO SECOND You set an emergency like that in colorado, they will hear it in texas.

The transponder has several modes of operation. Standby, On, and ALT In ON mode it just replys back with a transponder’s squawk code, not with altitude Use ALT almost always unless something is wrong with your altitude encoding The Ident Feature the transponder only goes from 0000 to 7777 1200 for U.S. 7000 for Europe

FAA Radar Systems (ASRs) Airport Surveillance Radar—ASR Directs and Coordinates IFR traffic within terminal areas (short range) Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities (TRACONs) Major airports Maintain separation of aircraft through radar and non radar services Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) Gives aircraft position, altitude, groundspeed, etc. Designated by suffix of numbers and letters ARTS—495B ADS-B (Automatic Dependant Surveillance-Broadcast) GPS based supplemental information system Next Generation ASR is the Tower that get the data The TRACON is the building that interprets the data ARTS is the system that displays the information This is one of several. You may have heard of CARTS or STARS Common aircraft radar terminal system Standard terminal autimation replacement system ( what you will hear about if you work in a DOD facility) ADS-B==broadcasts GPS position to ground and other aircraft. Out==it transmits it out In = = you can receive it once every second compared to every 4 seconds

FAA Radar Systems (ARSRs) Air Route Surveillance Radar—ARSR Manages traffic in controlled airspace (long range) 200-600 mile radius of coverage 100 ARSR facilities nation-wide House Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs) Issue and manage IFR clearances/traffic Assist VFR pilots Flight Following Capable You can get radar services if they can accommodate you. Radar Services (its like another set of eyes), but you are still responsible to see and avoid. So don’t rely on them to provide collision avoidance. Find out about Flight Following. If you request flight following, be ready for a unique squawk code

ATC Radar Services for VFR Radar Traffic Information Service (Flight Following) Automatically receive traffic advisories, and limited vectoring dependant on workload Safety Alerts Vectors Terminal VFR Radar Service National Program implemented to provide separation between IFR and VFR aircraft 4 types Basic—Provided for VFR aircraft by all commissioned terminal radar facilities. Covers separation of flow of arriving IFR and VFR aircraft into traffic pattern Terminal radar service area—Same as basic, but extended to an approach area. Class C—Required Implementation. Includes sequencing of VFR aircraft. Class B—Required Implementation. Includes sequencing of VRF aircraft by weight. Automatic Terminal Information System (ATIS) Continuously broadcasted weather information. Labeled with successive letters from phonetic alphabet (e.g. “Information Charlie”) Flight following is what you would request from ATC where they will then set up contact with TRACON where they will follow you on your flight you already give what

Traffic Advisorie Request Ex. Pilot: "So Cal Approach, Cessna 12345 with request" ATC: "Cessna 12345, So Cal Approach, Go ahead" Pilot: "So Cal Approach, Cessna 12345 VFR over the seal beach VOR at 6500 enroute to long beach, requesting traffic advisories" ATC: "Cessna 12345, So Cal Approach, traffic is a beech airliner at your 12 o'clock 5 miles north bound, indicating 3500." Pilot: "Cessna 12345 has the traffic in sight"

Flight Following Example Pilot: "LA Center, Mooney 12345 with requests" ATC: "Money 12345 LA Center go ahead" Pilot: "LA Center, Mooney 12345 is type m20/p 12 miles south of the twenty nine palms VOR level 7500 enroute to Henderson request Flight Following" ATC: "Mooney 12345, squawk 7312, ident" Pilot: "Squawking 7312 and ident, Mooney 12345" ATC: "Mooney 12345, Radar contact 12 miles south of the TNP VOR at 6500. Traffic 2 o'clock 12 miles southbound is a Cessna 172 indicating 4500" Pilot: "Mooney 12345, looking for traffic"

Flight Service Stations Are addressed as “radio” (ex. “denver radio”) Provides Weather briefings Enroute communication Primarily used for Originating NOTAMs VFR Search and Rescue services Receiving/Processing Flight Plans Collecting and disseminating PIREPS Assist lost aircraft/aircraft in emergencies The enroute communication capability is only if there is no other controller around. http://www.pero.dk/dok-flyvning/FSS..pdf

Very High Frequency Radio (VHF) Frequencies: 118.0-136.975 MHz Line of Site US Channel Spacing : 25 kHz European Spacing : 8.33 kHz

Where to find frequencies The A/FD contains all pertinent frequencies within/around the airport(s) you are operating in Weather, Tower/CTAF, Clearance Delivery, Ground, Unicom, Navaids, FSS, Approach/Departure Charts provide frequencies as you navigate Communications Boxes (FSS) Airport data lists tower/CTAF, Unicom, weather frequencies (ASOS, AWOS, or ATIS) VOR frequencies are shown in blue outlined boxes HIWAS, TWEB, ASOS/AWOS are available on some VORs Class B, C, TRSA, and some radar approach frequencies are provided on sectional and terminal charts

CTAF: Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Self announce broadcast In circuit Inbound Outbound Ground Overflying Found in uncontrolled airports Used when tower is closed Common Freq: 122.8 General Format: Location / Traffic Aircraft Type Call sign Position / Intentions Location Example: Orange County traffic, Warrior 3522M, 10 miles NW inbound 45 runway 03, Orange County

Towered Airport Radio Class D: Two way radio communication with tower prior to entering airspace. Class C: Two way radio communication with ATC prior to entering airspace. Mode C transponder. Class B: Two way radio communication with ATC with explicit clearance to enter airspace. Listen and think before you transmit. Do not step on someone and know what you are going to say. Whom you are calling Who you are Where you are What you want to do Acknowledge all instructions by reading them back following with your call sign. Ask to Clarify any misunderstood transmission.

Other Radio Types UNICOM Privately owned air/ground communication station Request fuel, parking, and airport advisory (wind, favored runway, known traffic, etc.) Ground Communications Outlet (GCO) Ground-based, VHF-to-telephone connection that allows pilots at uncontrolled airport to communicate directly with ATC Local Airport Advisory (LAA) Provided at select uncontrolled airports with FSS on field Extends out 10 statue miles from airport An FSS with a designated CTAF (usually 123.6 MHz) may provide wind direction and speed, favored runway, traffic NOTAMs, taxi routes, etc. Pilot to Pilot MULTICOM 122.9 MHz Air-to-air communication frequency for pilots to self-announce position and intentions If airport does not have designated CTAF, tower, FSS or UNICOM than the MULTICOM frequency serves as CTAF.

Emergency Procedures Squawk 7700 121.5 MHz Five C’s Emergency – MAYDAY x3 Urgent – PAN-PAN x3 Five C’s Climb Communicate Confess Comply Converse Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) 121.5 and 243.0 MHz Active automatically upon crash 48 hour battery life Must replace or recharge after one-half of the battery’s useful life, or when the ELT has been used for more than once cumulative hour May test ELT during the first five minutes of every hour

Sources of Flight Information Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) Seven Volumes Issued every 56 days Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 50 Titles by subject e.g. agriculture, labor, energy, postal service, transportation Title 14 = Aeronautics & Space Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Guide to basic flight information and ATC procedures Notices to Airmen Publication and Online Database NOTAM(D) – distant NOTAM FDC NOTAM – Flight Data Center NOTAM Advisory Circulars (ACs) Non-regulatory guidance and information in a variety of subject areas Explain methods of complying with FARs