Charles Darwin Mutations Variations Natural Selection Adaptations Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Charles Darwin Mutations Variations Natural Selection Adaptations Selective Breeding How Does All of This Fit Together?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Charles Darwin Scientist during the 1800’s that traveled around the world making observations of nature. Darwin discovered from his travels that organisms have structural characteristics that enable them to live in their environment – Adaptations! Background Information

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Darwin’s Finches As Darwin was observing birds on the Galapagos Islands, he discovered that there were many variations of one kind of bird – the Finch. Variations are differences in form of an organism within the same species or group. Background Information

Darwin’s Finches (Continued) Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Darwin’s Finches (Continued) These birds that would later become nicknamed as “Darwin’s Finches” proved that organisms adapt to live in their environment. Each of Darwin’s Finches have a beak that is specifically designed to eat the type of food that is available in its environment. Background Information

Darwin’s Finches (Continued) Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Darwin’s Finches (Continued) Each one of these Finches was found on a different Galapagos Island. This illustration shows how various Finches adapted to eat the type of food available to them. Background Information

How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen? Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen? How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Mutations A mutation is where there is a random change in genetic information in an organism. Mutations can be good or they can be bad. If a mutation is good, it will help an organism to live. If a mutation is bad, it will often cause the organisms to die. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Mutations Good or Beneficial Mutations Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Mutations Good or Beneficial Mutations Below is a picture of a Black Jaguar (Left). This color mutation is good because it helps the Jaguar to hunt at night, blending into the night time landscape. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Mutations Bad or Harmful Mutations Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Mutations Bad or Harmful Mutations Below is a picture of a two headed calf . This type of mutation is bad because the animal is not able to survive. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Variations Good mutations lead to variations. Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Variations Good mutations lead to variations. When mutations are good, the organism survives to pass the mutation on to it’s offspring. As more and good mutations are passed on, more variations of a species become present as in these parakeets below. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Mutations which lead to variations also lead to natural selection. Natural selection occurs when good mutations are passed on to offspring. Natural selection is often referred to as “Survival of the Fittest”. Organisms that have “stronger” mutations or characteristics survive and the organisms that have “weaker” characteristics die. The organisms with the stronger characteristic are able to pass their stronger characteristics on to their offspring. The organisms with the weaker characteristics die and are unable to pass their weaker characteristics on. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection Example How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection Example (Cont.) Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection Example (Cont.) How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection Example (Cont.) Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection Example (Cont.) How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Adaptations Over very long periods of time, the good mutations that get pass on and on over several generations become known as adaptations. Adaptations take hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years to come about. If an organism is not able to adapt, it will die. If an entire species is unable to adapt, the whole species will die and become extinct. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective breeding is when animals are bred on purpose to bring about desired traits. Below is a picture of a horse (left) and donkey (middle) and a mule (right). When a horse is bred with a donkey a mule is produced. A mule has the strength of a horse and the sure footedness of a donkey. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Below is a picture of a poodle (left) and a labrador (middle). When the two dogs are bred together they produce a labradoodle (right). The breeder is attempting to produce offspring with the most desirable traits. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective breeding can also bring about bad or undesirable traits Some breeds of dogs are selectively bred for their aggressiveness, however, this sometimes produces dogs are too aggressive an cannot be controlled. How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? How Does Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Happen?

Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Cabbage Varieties Leafy Sea Dragon Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Selective Breeding Natural Selection Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Selective Breeding Natural Selection Cabbage Varieties Leafy Sea Dragon Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Bengal Cat Large Corn Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Selective Breeding Selective Breeding Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Selective Breeding Selective Breeding Bengal Cat Large Corn Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Liger Puggle Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Selective Breeding Selective Breeding Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Selective Breeding Selective Breeding Liger Puggle Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Luna Moth Artic Hare Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Natural Selection Natural Selection Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Natural Selection or Selective Breeding? You Decide! Natural Selection Natural Selection Luna Moth Artic Hare Natural Selection or Selective Breeding?

Selective Breeding Activity? Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity? Selective Breeding Activity

Selective Breeding Activity Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Punnett Square Review Punnett Squares are used to predict the occurrence of traits in offspring. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive traits are represented by lower case letters. Two capital letters (HH) or one capital and one lower case letter (Hh) means that the dominant trait will appear in the offspring. Two lower case letters (hh) means that the recessive trait will appear in the offspring. Selective Breeding Activity

Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Goal: Selectively breed cows that produce offspring that do not have horns. Parent 1: HH (Horns are dominant) Parent 2: Hh Both parents have horns and we need offspring without horns! Selective Breeding Activity

H H H H H H H h H h H h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Set up a Punnett Square with the parents’ genotypes below and complete the cross. Parent 1: HH Parent 2: Hh H H H H H H H h H h H h Selective Breeding Activity

H H H H H H H h H h H h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Choose two offspring with genotypes that have recessive allele(s) for no horns. These are your 1st generation of offspring. H H H H H H H h H h H h Selective Breeding Activity

H h H H H h H h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Set up another Punnett Square below with the 1st generation offspring that you chose and complete the cross. H h H H H h H h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity

H h H H H h H h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Choose two offspring with genotypes that have recessive allele(s) for no horns. These are your 2nd generation offspring. H h H H H h H h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity

H h H h h h h h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Set up another Punnett Square with the 2nd generation offspring that you chose below and complete the cross. H h H h h h h h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity

H h H h h h h h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Choose two offspring with genotypes that have recessive allele(s) for no horns. These are your 3rd generation offspring. H h H h h h h h H h h h Selective Breeding Activity

h h h h h h h h h h h h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example Set up another Punnett Square with the 3rd generation offspring that you chose below and complete the cross. h h h h h h h h h h h h Selective Breeding Activity

h Selective Breeding Activity Example Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity Example All offspring produced do not have horns! These are your 4th generation offspring. h Selective Breeding Activity

Selective Breeding Activity. Your Turn! Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity. Your Turn! Goal: Selectively breed flowers that produce all pink colored offspring. Parent 1: FF (White is dominant) Parent 2: Ff Both parents are white and we need offspring that are pink! Selective Breeding Activity

Selective Breeding Activity. Your Turn! Natural Selection and Selective Breeding Notes Selective Breeding Activity. Your Turn! Goal: Selectively breed Golden Retriever dogs with short hair. Parent 1: LL (Long hair is dominant) Parent 2: Ll Both parents have long hair and we need offspring with short hair! Selective Breeding Activity