Craig Stuart Sapp ICMC 2001 Havana, Cuba

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Craig Stuart Sapp ICMC 2001 Havana, Cuba Visualizing Harmony Craig Stuart Sapp ICMC 2001 Havana, Cuba

Krumhansl-Schmuckler Algorithm Statistical measurement of the key Add durations of each pitch class Compare duration pattern to key prototype Choose best match as the key

Krumhansl-Schmuckler Algorithm Statistical measurement of the key Add durations of each pitch class Compare duration pattern to key prototype Choose best match as the key tonic dominant Example: Typical major key distribution of notes: Example data measured from music:

Krumhansl-Schmuckler Algorithm Statistical measurement of the key Add durations of each pitch class Compare duration pattern to key prototype Choose best match as the key tonic dominant Example: max D Major is best fit

Well-Tempered Clavier !!!COM: Bach, Johann Sebastian !!!XEN: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Volume 1, Fugue 1. !!!SCT: BWV 846b **kern **kern **kern **kern *clefF4 *clefF4 *clefG2 *clefG2 *M4/4 *M4/4 *M4/4 *M4/4 =1 =1 =1 =1 1r 1r 8r 1r . . 8c . . . 8d . . . 8e . . . 8.f . . . 32g . . . 32f . . . 8a . =2 =2 =2 =2 Result of Humdrum key command: Estimated key: C major (r=0.8640) confidence: 22.3%

Well-Tempered Clavier (2) Book 1: Fugue 1: C major (r=0.8640) confidence: 22.3% Fugue 2: C minor (r=0.8884) confidence: 59.1% Fugue 3: G# major (r=0.8238) confidence: 1.4% Fugue 4: C# minor (r=0.8681) confidence: 58.2% Fugue 5: D major (r=0.9100) confidence: 56.6% Fugue 6: D minor (r=0.7905) confidence: 5.2% Fugue 7: E-flat major (r=0.8332) confidence: 31.4% Fugue 8: D# minor (r=0.8428) confidence: 70.9% Fugue 9: E major (r=0.8609) confidence: 37.3% Fugue 10: E minor (r=0.7586) confidence: 4.1% Fugue 11: F major (r=0.7568) confidence: 17.7% Fugue 12: F minor (r=0.8022) confidence: 25.2% Fugue 13: F# major (r=0.8748) confidence: 39.9% Fugue 14: F# minor (r=0.8248) confidence: 33.2% Fugue 15: G major (r=0.8575) confidence: 17.8% Fugue 16: G minor (r=0.9208) confidence: 82.4% Fugue 17: A-flat major (r=0.8441) confidence: 25.6% Fugue 18: G# minor (r=0.8228) confidence: 49.4% Fugue 19: A major (r=0.8351) confidence: 21.8% Fugue 20: A minor (r=0.7772) confidence: 13.3% Fugue 21: B-flat major (r=0.8539) confidence: 37.6% Fugue 22: B-flat minor (r=0.8432) confidence: 63.3% Fugue 23: B major (r=0.8589) confidence: 19.3% Fugue 24: B minor (r=0.8266) confidence: 40.8%

Well-Tempered Clavier (3) Book 2: Fugue 1: C major (r=0.9382) confidence: 59.2% Fugue 2: C minor (r=0.9380) confidence: 70.1% Fugue 3: C# major (r=0.9524) confidence: 78.0% Fugue 4: C# minor (r=0.7937) confidence: 38.9% Fugue 5: D major (r=0.8226) confidence: 15.1% Fugue 6: D minor (r=0.8729) confidence: 56.5% Fugue 7: E-flat major (r=0.8961) confidence: 15.8% Fugue 8: D# minor (r=0.7776) confidence: 44.2% Fugue 9: E major (r=0.8248) confidence: 8.8% Fugue 10: E minor (r=0.8239) confidence: 45.4% Fugue 11: F major (r=0.9037) confidence: 39.9% Fugue 12: F minor (r=0.7862) confidence: 51.4% Fugue 13: F# major (r=0.7834) confidence: 15.6% Fugue 14: F# minor (r=0.8283) confidence: 52.1% Fugue 15: D major (r=0.8537) confidence: 18.5% Fugue 16: G minor (r=0.7928) confidence: 44.8% Fugue 17: A-flat major (r=0.8958) confidence: 33.5% Fugue 18: G# minor (r=0.8473) confidence: 62.1% Fugue 19: E major (r=0.7938) confidence: 3.8% Fugue 20: A minor (r=0.8704) confidence: 87.0% Fugue 21: B-flat major (r=0.8659) confidence: 44.7% Fugue 22: B-flat minor (r=0.8329) confidence: 57.5% Fugue 23: B major (r=0.8621) confidence: 16.3% Fugue 24: F# minor (r=0.7644) confidence: 0.8%

Window Size Compositions are usually not all in one key

Window Size Compositions are usually not all in one key How much music to consider when determining key?

Window Size Compositions are usually not all in one key How much music to consider when determining key? 1 measure is usually not enough One measure:

Window Size Compositions are usually not all in one key How much music to consider when determining key? 4 measures is often good depends on meter, rhythm, etc. One measure: Four measures:

Window Size Compositions are usually not all in one key How much music to consider when determining key? 4 measures is often good depends on meter, rhythm, etc. Safe way is to consider all window sizes for analysis One measure: Four measures:

2D Plot for Key Analyses Window Size Time

2D Plot for Key Analyses Window Size Start of piece Time End of piece

2D Plot for Key Analyses One pixel for analysis result Entire piece analyzed Window Size Time

2D Plot for Key Analyses Analysis window shrinks Window Size Time

2D Plot for Key Analyses Slide window to end of piece one pixel at a time. Window Size Time

Key to Color Mapping Rainbow mapped to circle of fifths Mostly a diatonic mapping Sufficient for tonal harmony Any mapping is possible Brightness/Contrast can also be used For example: Major/Minor => Bright/Dark

Example: Mozart Sonatina

Linear Picture of Key C G D F C

2D Picture of Key Linear Key

Logarithmic Scaling Key of Piece Strong Keys Weak Keys Tonicizations Chords Key of Piece Tonicizations Cadences Strong Keys Weak Keys

WTC1 Fugue 3

Schubert Variations

Atonal Music Webern Op 27, Mvmt. 1 Mozart Sonatina in C, Mvmt. 1

Pre-Tonal Music Petrus de Cruce Motet Webern Op. 27 (13th century)

Extended Tonality Scriabin Op. 11 Prelude No. 4

Plot Variations

Plot Variations Ambiguity

Plot Variations Clarity

Plot Variations Interpolation Next-best roots Best roots

Further Information Keyscape website: http://www-ccrma.stanford.edu/~craig/keyscape Written description: Presented at ICMC 2001, Havana, Cuba http://www-ccrma.stanford.edu/~craig/papers/01