Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Personnel psychology – a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development Organizational psychology – a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

It’s Friday, November 17 Today’s topic: Identify hunger from the following: Biological reasons Physiological reasons Psychological reasons What are the two types of eating disorders? Briefly describe them. Think of a time that you’ve been excluded or rejected. How did that feel? Today’s topic: Sexual Motivation Upcoming Dates: Tonight’s HW Read pages 366-376 Test: Wednesday, 11/29

Eating Disorders What are the two types of eating disorders? Briefly describe them. What are some possible causes for eating disorders?

Eating Disorders When psychological factors take precedence over physiological needs and homeostatic pressures Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. Bulimia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Sexual Motivation

Sexual Motivation Sex drive has similar causes, but unlike hunger and thirst, is not necessary for the survival of the individual Sex drive can be caused by almost anything at any time Humans are less instinctively driven to have children than other species Biological Physiological Psychological

The Kinsey Reports Alfred Kinsey (1948, 1953) – surveyed Americans (well-educated white urbanites) on their sexual preferences and activities Most men and women reported having premarital sex Most women and virtually all men reported having masturbated Women who reported masturbating to orgasm before marriage seldom had difficulties experiencing orgasm after marriage Enormously varied sexual behaviors

Biological - Hormones and Sexual Behavior Secretion of hormones in the hypothalamus stimulates to pituitary gland Secretion of estrogen and testosterone Estrogen Sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females Testosterone most important of the male sex hormones Greater in males Manufactured in the testes of males After castration, males lose much of their sexual interest

Physiological - The Sexual Response Cycle Refractory period – a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. According to a study conducted by Masters and Johnson, there are four stages of sexual responses (similar in males and females) Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

The Psychology of Sex Result of a desire, not a need. External Stimuli Men and women can be aroused equally  different parts of the brain Repeated exposure can desensitize sexual activities Imagined Stimuli Fantasies and dreams can arouse men and women Men (gay/straight) fantasize about sex more than women Sexual disorders in humans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qymp_VaFo9M

Now, back to the theories . . . How might the instinct theory (evolutionary), drive- reduction theory, Maslow’s theory and optimal arousal theory explain our sexual motivation? Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Hierarchy of Needs Optimal Arousal Theory

The Need to Belong “By building relations we create a source of love and personal pride and belonging that makes living in a chaotic world easier.” -Susan Lieberman

Needing to Belong Humans are social animals  need connections to other people. Why? Evolution Happiness Social acceptance Power of relationships Pain of ostracism Health

Sustaining Relationships Many people seek to affiliate with others -Evidence of the need to belong Directions: Using the textbook (pages 359-362), give examples and evidence for the need to belong in the following categories. Try using personal examples to add to the material in the text. Aiding Survival Wanting to Belong Sustaining Relationships The Pain of Ostracism

Adolescent Sexuality Puberty and sexual maturation Varies with culture and time Teen pregnancy in 20th century America  why no contraception use? Ignorance Guilt Minimal communication about birth control Alcohol use Mass media portrayals of unprotected sex

Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections 2/3 new infections in people under 25 Confusion/ignorance about condoms Several predictors of teen sexual restraint: High intelligence Religiosity Father presence Participation in service learning programs

Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual) All cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual Homosexuality 3-4% of men and 1-2% of women identify as homosexual (anonymous self reporting) Face cultural, societal, and political backlash Neither willfully chosen or willfully changed Women’s sexuality seems to be more fluid and changeable than men’s APA dropped homosexuality from its list of “mental illnesses” in 1973

Origins of Sexual Orientation Not psychologically caused. More common in some populations but unclear why  more focus on biological factors of homosexuality Cross-sections of the hypothalamus from homosexual and heterosexual males and females (blind study)  reliably larger cell cluster in heterosexual males than in females and homosexual males Not surprising that there are brain differences between homosexual and heterosexual people however questions remain… When? How?

Genes and Sexual Orientation Evidence to suggest genetic influence on sexual orientation Runs in families Identical twins studies have produced interesting results Sexual attraction in fruit flies has been manipulated through gene experimentation Why would “gay genes” exist if from an evolutionary perspective? Genes can remain present in kin Maternal genetics? General consensus that NATURE not nurture contributes to homosexuality.

Theories Review: How might the evolutionary, drive- reduction theory, and arousal theory explain our sexual motivation? Today’s topic: Review and Sexual Motivation After Break: Theories of Emotions and Experiencing Emotions Upcoming Dates: Homework over break: Read pages 366-377 Test: Wednesday, 12/2

Discussion Question: How might the instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and arousal theory explain our affiliation needs?

I Shouldn’t Be Alive Explanation of motivation in times of survival