Plant Growth and Development SBI3U

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) • plant hormones that affect the rate of division, elongation and differentiation of plant cells Five well-characterized groups of PGRs • auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene

Auxins Produced in plants at the apical meristem Cause apical dominance; plant grows upward with few to no side branches

Auxins promote elongation of cells, stimulate growth and ripening of fruit, and also inhibit the dropping of fruit and leaves. Synthetic auxins can be used to stimulate growth of fruit from unpollinated plants, resulting in, for example, seedless tomatoes. Seedless tomatoes!

Lettuce bolting after it has been treated with gibberellins. Gibberellins promote cell division and elongation. Sometimes they cause a process called bolting where the stem of a plant rapid grows taller before flowering. Many dwarf varieties of plants stay small because they do not produce normal levels of gibberellin. Lettuce bolting after it has been treated with gibberellins.

Cytokinins stimulate cell divison and leaf growth. Commercially, cytokinins are used to extend the life of cut flowers.

Usually it inhibits growth. Abscisic acid’s main role is to coordinate responses to stress in plants. Usually it inhibits growth. It can induce dormancy of seeds to protect them from harsh conditions and also regulates rate of transpiration. Maple tree seeds. Some seeds can remain dormant for years and still be viable in newfound hospitable conditions.

Ethylene is a gas produced in many of the plant’s tissues. It plays a role in flower death, fruit ripening and fruit loss. Commercially, growers can delay ripening of fruit until they are about to be sold by controlling the levels of ethylene in the fruit. Tomatoes before ripening. A spray of ethylene would have these ripe and red in no time.

External Factors that Regulate Plant Development Tropism • a change in the growth pattern or movement of a plant in response to an external stimulus

Nastic Response Plant response to a stimulus independent of the direction of the stimulus Examples Flower opening petals during the day and closing them at night Mimosa plant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0LFBM3hOLs

Thigmotropism • a change in the growth pattern or movement of a plant in response to touch For example, the tendrils of pea plants will grow around a supporting structure at the point of contact. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTljaIVseTc

Phototropism • a change in the growth pattern or movement of a plant in response to light For example, a plant growing in uneven light will lean and bend its stem in order to become better exposed to the light. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHe7y8cy-7Y

Gravitropism • a change in the growth pattern or movement of a plant in response to gravity If plants could not detect and respond to gravity, their roots would be as likely to grow up into the air as down into the ground. This plant has been left to grow upside down. You can see in the picture that the stem is trying to grow back upwards and fight gravity.

Photoperiodism • plants in regions where there are two or more seasons control their reproductive cycles based on the the duration of daylight, a.k.a the photoperiod. Plants flowering in the spring means the most time available for seed and fruit development before winter. Trees dropping their leaves in the fall means protection from the cold, dry conditions of winter.

NUTRIENTS IN ORDER OF PRIORITY CO2 and H2O  needed for photosynthesis! N2 (from organic material)  needed to produce proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and leaf growth NH3 from animal waste NO2 and NO3 from decayed materials Nitrogen fixing bacteria contain N2 gas and convert it to nitrates Others... (next slide)

NITROGEN CYCLE (DON’T MEMORIZE!)

OTHER ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS Function Deficiency Symptoms K Water balance, protein synthesis Poor growth, weak stems, yellowing leaves P ATP (energy) syntesis, mitosis, cell division Stunted growth, poor seed/fruit development Ca Part of cell walls, membrane permeability Stunted growth Mg Part of chlorophyll and coenzymes for photosynthesis Yellowing leaves S Part of proteins Stunted growth, yellowing leaves

FERTILIZERS Natural Synthetic Examples Manure, compost, sludge, crop rotation Man-made chemical cocktails that contain ammonia and other nutrients Advantage No harmful chemicals Get exact nutrients Disadvantage May not always get the correct amount of each nutrient Costly, prone to leaching and runoff which alters chemical balance in water and soil