Hard Facts What do you need to memorize in order to get a 5 on the AP Environmental Science Exam?

Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2

Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy

Photochemical Smog Net Reaction: NO + VOCs+ O2 + UV  O3 + PANs Nitric oxide Nitric oxide Volatile organic compounds e.i. benzene, acetone, formaldehyde Volatile organic compounds e.i. benzene, acetone, formaldehyde Tropospheric ozone Tropospheric ozone Peroxyacyl Nitrates CH3COOONO2 Peroxyacyl Nitrates CH3COOONO2 Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons under the influence of sunlight.

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Sun UV radiation Cl C F Cl Cl O Cl Cl O O O Cl O O Stepped Art Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breaking off a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2. Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone molecule and begin the cycle again. UV radiation Cl C F Cl Cl O Cl A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2. The chlorine atom attacks an ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom off it and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2). Cl O O O Cl O The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO). O Stepped Art Fig. 20-18, p. 486

The Greenhouse Effect

Biogeochemical Cycles

Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Carbon cycle: 10

Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Nitrogen cycle: Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) Nitrogen fixation by humans Biological nitrogen fixation NH3 & NH4- Decomposition Denitrification Plant & animal proteins Internal cycling Assimilation Nitrification NO3- 11

Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Phosphorus cycle: Phosphate mining Phosphate rocks Fertilizer containing phosphates Animals, crops Erosion Excretion / decomposition Internal cycling Dissolved phosphates Internal cycling Soil phosphates Marine organisms Marine sediments Erosion 12

Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Sulfur cycle: 13

Eutrophication