1000-1500 The High Middle Ages

Learning Goals from Notes Who controlled the Holy Land and what was their religion? What pope asked the Byzantine Emperor to win back the Holy Land for the Christians and why? What Crusade was the most successful? Why would a Christian man want to join the Crusade, and how would this effect the European Feudal System. Explain the way in which Jerusalem was divided after the First Crusade. Who was massacred at the first Crusade?

State Standards F2- System of Human Organization 4.3.5 Western Europe to 1500- Explain the workings of feudalism, manorialism, and the growth of centralized monarchies and city-states in Europe Roman Catholic Church impact on society Trade lead to the growth of towns and cities Role of the crusades 5.1.2- World Religions- territorial transformations and movements of world religions- expulsion of Muslims and Jews

Causes of the Crusades Seljuq Turks- Controlled Palestine Jerusalem-Palestine – “The Holy Land” Byzantine emperor calls on Pope Urban II Christians were persecuted by Turks Urban eager to take over this land Calls a meeting in 1095 Church leaders and Feudal lords

Pope Urban II Urban asks lords to stop fighting amongst themselves. They would wear the cross of Christ on their shoulder or back, and with one voice… cry out: “God wills it, God wills it, God wills it!”

The Crusaders Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action The variety of motivations resulted in a varied assembly Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action Merchants looking for new markets Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them labor-less Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ Knights hoped to gain land and wealth

Duke Godfrey of Bouillon The First Crusade The more organized Crusaders, under the divided leadership of various feudal leaders, moved by various routes to Constantinople There the Emperor Alexius gave them provisions and bribes Alexius was somewhat afraid the Crusaders had designs on Constantinople as well as Jerusalem Duke Godfrey of Bouillon

The First Crusade The First Crusaders met an even more divided Muslim force and won victories at Nicea and Antioch After a three year campaign, 12,000 of the original 30,000 Crusaders reached Jerusalem. Siege of Antioch

The First Crusade On July 15 the Crusaders went over the city walls and unleashed unbridled carnage Blood reportedly ran knee-deep 70,000 Muslims were slaughtered Jews were herded into a synagogue and burned alive

The First Crusade Crusaders set up European feudalism 4 small states Divided land into fiefs Lord and Vassals Europeans adopted Muslim customs Cultural Diffusion

The Second Crusade This time the Muslims were ready At Dorylaeum, the Germans were defeated so badly that barely one in ten Christians survived At Attalia, nearly every Frenchman was slaughtered Eventually the Crusaders joined forces and lay siege to Damascus, but were soundly defeated

The Second Crusade News of the defeat of the Second Crusade shocked Europe Christians wondered how God could allow them to be so humiliated by the infidel Bernard explained that the defeat must be punishment for sins Enthusiasm for the Crusades waned rapidly

Saladin The Third Crusade Signed a four-year truce with the Latin kingdom but the Christians violated it by attacking a Muslim caravan and capturing Saladin’s sister He declared a holy war against the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187

The Third Crusade Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa, King Phillip of France, and King Richard of England. Led separate armies Barbarossa drowned- men leave Phillip and Richard fight Phillip goes home and takes over English land in France

The fourth Crusade Pope Innocent II- Gathers Knights Leave Venice o attack Zadar It was a Christian city Crusaders were Excommunicated Crusaders attacked and pillaged Constantinople Turks seized Constantinople

Results of the Crusades Europeans gained new weapons Crossbow Catapults Use of gunpowder Chemical warfare

Results of the Crusades Some lords had sold their land Without land, they had no power in the feudal system The power of European kings grew stronger Kings placed new taxes and led armies drawn from their entire country.