Crusade and Counter-Crusade HIST 1016 9/29/14

Call to Crusade Urban II (r. 1088-1099) Reform Pope Peace and Truce of God 1095: Council of Claremont Urban II calls for armed pilgrimage to liberate the Holy Land Indulgences offered for those who join. Statue of Pope Urban II in Claremont

Don’t Forget: The Investiture Controversy

The First Crusade (1095-1099) People’s (Peasant’s) Crusade Populist movement Anti-Jewish pogroms Pillaging Massacred in Anatolia Prince’s Crusade Frankish nobility Joint leadership with church Better organized and better financed

Crusaders and Byzantium Must pass through Constantinople Rivalries Alexius I vs. Bohemond I Oath of Loyalty Return Byzantine territory Byzantine military support? Siege of Nicaea (May 14 to June 19, 1097)

Who are these Crusaders? Byzantines: These are a lot of mercenaries Seljuqs: These aren’t particularly good mercenaries (Maybe we can enlist them?) Siege of Antioch: Oct. 21, 1097 – June 2, 1098 Visions and the Holy Lance Aug. 26, 1098: Jerusalem captured by Fatimids Villages and towns between Antioch and Jerusalem interested in paying tribute The Cannibals of Ma’arra

The Fall of Jerusalem June 13 – July 15, 1099: Jerusalem under siege Tactically bad choice In summer With Fatimid army arriving No reliable supply lines Fasting, barefoot processions, visions Massacre of residents (Muslim, Jewish, and Christian)

Establishment of the Crusader States County of Edessa Adoption of Baldwin I Principality of Antioch Contest between princes won by Bohemond Kingdom of Jerusalem King Baldwin I County of Tripoli Won after fall of Jerusalem Give Raymond IV land

The Crusader States

A Divided East Seljuq Empire (Sunnis) Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) Fatimid Empire (Isma`ili Shi’ites) Assassins (Nizari Isma`ili Shi’ites)

A Divided East Crusaders Franks (Franj) Byzantines Eastern Christians Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow Franks (Franj) Western Christians living in the Crusader States Byzantines Eastern Christians Armenians Melkites Jacobites Maronites Nestorians

The Second Crusade (1145-1149) Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuq atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul 1143: Zengi takes Edessa 1145: Pope Eugene III calls for new Crusade Kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire respond

The Second Crusade Crusaders vs. Franks Negotiated peace Target of Crusade Retake Edessa Aleppo: Zengid capital Ascalon: closest threat to Jerusalem Damascus: most powerful city in southern Syria

The Siege of Damascus July 24-29, 1148 Nur al-Din (r. 1146-1174): Son of Zengi, Emir of Aleppo Unification of Syria Mu’in al-Din Unur: Emir of Damascus Peace treaty or I give the city to Nur al-Din Second Crusade = failure

Counter Crusade What does it mean to be a good Muslim ruler? Nur al-Din hires religious scholars to write texts on jihad and the benefits of Jerusalem The righteous ruler is the one who fights the crusaders Jerusalem is prioritized But does he do this?... Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque

Nur al-Din Small campaigns against Crusader states Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims 1154: conquers Damascus 1159: alliance with Byzantines against Seljuqs of Rum Fatimid Egypt: young caliphs under sway of viziers 1163-1169: conquest of Egypt Surround Crusaders Gold and Red Sea trade Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus

Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt Shirkuh (d. 1169) Kurdish general leads conquest of Egypt uncle of Salah al-Din Fatimid – Crusader alliance against Shirkuh Salah al-Din inherits viziership of Fatimid Leave Fatimids in place… Why? al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo

Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt Is Salah al-Din Nur al-Din’s governor? The `Abbasid Caliph’s? The Fatimid’s? Reorganize Fatimid army Sunnification of Egypt Remove Shi’ites from bureaucracy Establishment of Sunni madrasas Remove “un-Islamic” taxes Mosque showing the veneration of the Rashidun Caliphs

Salah al-Din and Fatimid Egypt 1171 – Nur al-Din orders the khutba in Egypt given in the `Abbasid caliph’s name al-`Adid (r. 1160-1171): Last Fatimid caliph dies Salah al-Din changes khutba Members of Fatimid family arrested (and segregated) `Abbasids grant Egypt to Nur al-Din al-Hakim Mosque, Cairo