The Catholic Church During the Middle Ages The Roman Catholic Church was very influential during the Middle Ages. It was the only authority with consistency in Europe Most church staff were literate in a time when most of Europe was not The church established universities in Europe Artwork was commissioned by the church; usually had religious themes Pope was head of the Catholic Church; bishops under him supervised local priests Document called the Donation of Constantine provided church with “evidence that the Pope should assume political power as well as spiritual authority Missionaries spread Christianity throughout Europe – provided a common identity – even as different states in Europe were emerging

Stronger Monarchies Stronger monarchies emerged in the later Middle Ages; had two defining characteristics Had growing bureaucracies to help govern kingdom Had organized army controlled by monarch (don’t have to rely as much on lords for their supplies of knights/soldiers) Hugh Capet established the Capetian Dynasty in France once the Carolingian dynasty split amongst Charlemagne's heirs (1180 A.D. -) Estates General is created to advise the king – members of the three classes attend (clergy, nobility, commoners) The EG is rather powerless because it’s the commoners who pay for the government entity through taxes; clergy and nobles have the most political power and rarely decide on issues in favor of the commoners

Stronger Monarchies The Holy Roman Empire is established in 962 A.D. by German king Otto I Consists of modern day Germany, Switzerland, Austria, etc. First attempt at unification on behalf of the Germans – many of which convert to Christianity Otto I is declared Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope when he protects Rome from invasion by other Italian city states – Begins German’s relationship with the Church William the Conqueror invaded England 1066– Standardized law codes, used sheriffs as his administrative officials Objections to William and his successors power prompted the Creation of the Magna Carta – Ensured more political rights for the nobles Right to a trial, consent of the governed, etc. King John in 1215 was forced to sign the document by the nobles who were angry with large tax hikes and questionable military campaigns Protections under the Magna Carta did not apply to the commoners though

William the Conqueror King John Magna Carta

The Beginning of the Crusades 1093 A.D. – Muslim Seljuk Turk forces threatened to take the Byzantine capital, Constantinople Seeking to expand their influence into Europe since Charles Martel defeated them in the Battle of Tours almost 300 years ago in the Battle of Tours (732 A.D.) Byzantine emperor Alexius I sends a letter to the Pope asking for help against the Turkish forces Pope Urban II was in power at the time – saw the letter as an opportunity to unite Europe under the Catholic Church (Christianity) and retake Jerusalem, which was taken by the Muslims when the Roman Empire fell apart Pope Urban II calls a Crusade—a “Holy war” Protect Constantinople from Muslims Get back Holy Land/Jerusalem.

Pope Urban II Emperor Alexius I

Goals of the Crusades Goals of Crusades: Protect Constantinople from the Muslims Reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims – took it after Rome fell Unify Europe via Christianity – fight for a common cause Earn land/glory by fighting Merchants want to gain wealth through trade – will take some Muslim/Asian goods and ideas back to Europe (later influences European age of exploration) Send away knights who cause trouble or committed crimes – the Pope claimed that if people fought in the holy wars their sins would be forgiven

The First and Second Crusades First Crusade: Armies gather to protect Constantinople in 1097 – The goal is to protect Constantinople and drive out Muslims from Jerusalem Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states – tasked with keeping the Holy Land safe and out of Muslim hands – stop the expansion of Islam (The County of Edessa, The Principality of Antioch, The Country of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem) 1187 - Saladin—Muslim leader—takes Jerusalem during Second Crusade Christendom loses the Holy Land/Crusader states at the end of the Second Crusade Lose the Christian stronghold against the Muslims/Muslim influence Two other Crusades leading into the 1200s – there was even a children’s crusade, where over 10,000 children sent to Jerusalem to liberate the city Believed their purity would protect them – Muslims took them as slaves if they didn’t die along the way

Saladin

2nd DBQ Body Paragraph Students will get their first body paragraph back and create a new body paragraph with a different document group Students will create this body paragraph by themselves Some document groups you could use are: Documents 1 and 2 focus on the willingness to fight for or use violence for Islam by Muslims Documents 3 and 4 offer reasons as to why Muslims are willing to fight to expand Islam Documents 5 and 6 offer reasons as to why non-Muslims should convert to Islam peacefully

2nd DBQ Body Paragraph (Cont.) First Sentence: Explains why documents are together Ex: Documents 1 and 2 share…. 2-3 Sentences: Explain how the documents support the thesis Ex: In document 1, the author states… 2-3 Sentences: Provide POV from one of the documents Ex: Continuing from document 1, ….