East Meets West The Crusades

The Crusades: Causes European Expansionism Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes pressure on Europe Agricultural advances increase food supply Battle of Hastings, 1066 Capture of Toledo from Muslims, 1087 Capture of Sicily from Muslims, 1091

Europe 1000-1100

Battle of Hastings, 1066

Roman-Byzantine Rivalry The Crusades: Causes Roman-Byzantine Rivalry Great Schism, 1064 Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in West to be more attentive to business and provides drive to attempt to reassert control

The Crusades: Causes Events in Muslim World Battle of Manzikert, 1071. Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks. Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine Empire. Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

Call for a Crusade Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 Objectives Drive Turks from Anatolia Obligate the Byzantines Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Capture Holy Land

Major Events of Crusades I Crusade 1097-1098 Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

First Crusade A medieval image of Peter the Hermit leading knights, soldiers and women toward Jerusalem during the First Crusade

Major Events of Crusades II Crusade, 1147-1148 Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat III Crusade, 1189-1191 Well-known in literature (Robin Hood) Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire Saladin on Muslim side.

Second Crusade The Siege of Lisbon by D. Afonso Henriques (1840)

Third Crusade The Siege of Acre was the first major confrontation of the Third Crusade

Saladin Phillip II Richard I

Major Events of Crusades IV Crusade, 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

Fourth Crusade Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204

Major Events of Crusades V Crusade 1218-1219 Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem Muslims agree Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, but fail. VI Crusade 1229 Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

Fifth Crusade Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt

Sixth Crusade Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right).

Major Events of Crusades VII Crusade 1248-1254 Led by Louis IX of France Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade VIII Crusade 1270 Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

Seventh Crusade Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade.

Eighth Crusade

Crusades died out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms Romantic and imaginative literature.

Coat of Arms

Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Muslim minarets adopted as church spires Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

Stone Castles and Churches