Synthetic lethal- A screening method used to uncover mutations in a second gene that will require the cell to maintain a wild-type copy of the gene being.

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Synthetic lethal- A screening method used to uncover mutations in a second gene that will require the cell to maintain a wild-type copy of the gene being studied in order to survive. 1st mutation + 2nd mutation = lethality This screen is commonly used in yeast genetics, but can be used in other model organisms as well.

Dead yeast don’t talk

a a b a A A a b a b X B

a b a b B A A a b a b B X

Mutation The process that produces a gene or a chromosome set that is differing than that of the wild type. The gene or a chromosome set that results from such a process.

Gene product DNA Protein mRNA RNA Structural Enzyme Structural Functional & Regulatory RNAs

a+ --> a- mutation (forward mutation) a- --> a+ reverse mutation (reversion)

Forward Reverse

Presence of pink pigment + / - Four-o’clock plants Incomplete dominance the term used to describe the general case in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes, on some quantitative scale of measurement

Point mutations at the molecular level Purine replaced by a different purine; pyrimidine replaced by a different pyrimidine: TRANSITIONS Purine replaced by a pyrimidine; pyrimidine replaced by a purin: TRANSVERSIONS

Transition and transversion

Now, insertions and deletions of base pairs:

Selection of auxotrophs by filter enrichment Forward mutation-A mutation that converts a wild-type allele into a mutant allele

Reverse mutation-The production of a wild-type gene from a mutant gene

Intragenic suppressor Equivalent reversion UCC (Ser) forward UGC (Cys) reverse AGC (Ser) Wild type Mutant Wild type CGC (Arg, basic) forward CCC (Proline) reverse CAC (His, basic) Wild type Mutant Pseudo-wild type

Intragenic suppressor

Intergenic suppressor

Intergenic suppressor Nonsense suppressor

ADE2

ade2

The Sup11 case WT ade2-101 ade2-101 sup11

The Sup11 case

Chromosome transmission fidelity (Ctf) assay non-essential Chromosome Fragment M SUP11 ade2-101 WT ade2-101 kar3D sic1D rad50D xrs2D CIN mutant ade1-101 ade2-101

Regulatory Coding

A situation in which the third nucleotide WOBBLE A situation in which the third nucleotide of an anticodon (at the 5’ end) can form two alignments. This third nucleotide can form hydrogen bonds not only with its normal complementary nucleotide in the third position but also with different nucleotide in the position.

I stands for inosine, one of the rare bases found in tRNA, often in anticodon

The genetic code is said to be degenerate because in many cases MESSAGE The genetic code is said to be degenerate because in many cases more then one codon is assigned to a single amino acid, and, in addition, several codons can pair with more then on anticodon (wobble)