Chapter 12 Hepatic and Pancreatic Encephalopathy Karin Weissenborn Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12-1 Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) should be considered as a continuum of decreasing brain function rather than a sequence of well-defined steps of cerebral alteration. To compare different patient groups, however, grading systems such as the West Haven criteria have been developed, which subdivide patients with HE into groups depending on the extent of any alteration of consciousness. Motor symptoms of HE may be present in all grades, even in the absence of cognitive dysfunction. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12-2 The EEG of a patient with hepatic encephalopathy (grade II according to the West Haven criteria). The portosystemic hepatic encephalopathy score was−17. The EEG shows diffuse slow activity (mean dominant frequency 4.49) with triphasic components. Time marker, 1 second. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.