How should we classify emotions? 4 Ways √ Basic (Discrete) Emotions Model: Emotions are universally distinct categories √ Component Process Theory: combination of simple, cognitive appraisals Dimensional Models: Emotions can be explained by continuous dimensions (or factors) Prototype Approach

Dimensional models Criticisms of Basic Emotions Perspective Emphases 4 components do not always form a different pattern for each emotion Does not account for cultural influences # of basic emotions varies Emphases How do emotions relate to each other? To explore this question, select 1 of 4 components Typically, use self-reports of subjective feelings states

3 Dimensional Models Russell & Barrett (1999) Watson & Tellegen (1985) Cacioppo & Bernston’s (1994) Evaluative Space Model (ESM)

Dimensional models To understand relationship between emotions Need to identify underlying dimensions of emotions Self-Report Ratings How similar are these emotion words? How strong is your experience of these emotions? Arrange similar answers together around a circle – Circumplex Models

Circumplex models: important terms Valence: Pleasantness vs. Unpleasantness Activation: High Arousal vs. Low Arousal Mixed Emotions Can people feel two emotions at the same time? Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Dimension Bipolar: opposing adjectives at each pole Unipolar: same adjectives at each pole

ACTIVATION PLEASANT UNPLEASANT DEACTIVATION

CIRCUMPLEX MODELS: CLASSIFY THESE EMOTIONS Valence : High or Low? Activation: High or Low? CONTENT JOY ANGRY FEAR SAD EXCITED SLEEPY

(Russell & Barrett, 1999)

Russell & Barrett (1999) The underlying dimensions of emotions are: VALENCE – How pleasant or unpleasant is the emotion? ACTIVATION– How arousing is the emotion? Any emotion is a combo of valence and activation! Valence and Arousal are dependent, bipolar structures measured by opposing adjectives at each pole Someone cannot be high in Pleasantness and high in Unpleasantness

Valence is a bipolar dimension NEUTRAL IS HERE!

Arousal is a bipolar dimension NEUTRAL IS HERE!

MIXED EMOTIONS are similar!

MIXED EMOTIONS: Positive and negative emotion?

1 = Not At All; 5 = extremely Interested Excited Strong Enthusiastic Proud Alert Determines Attentive Active Distressed Upset Guilty Scared Hostile Irritable Ashamed Nervous Jittery Afraid

Watson & TELLEGEN (1985): 4 poles Pleasantness: happy vs. sadness Engagement: arousal vs. still Positive Affect: excited vs. sluggish Negative Affect: distressed vs. relaxed

HIGH NEGATIVE AFFECT HIGH POSITIVE AFFECT LOW POSITIVE AFFECT LOW NEGATIVE AFFECT

(Watson & Tellegen, 1985)

Watson & TELLEGEN (1985) Pleasantness = valence Moderately pleasant emotions happy vs. sad Engagement = activation, arousal Moderately arousing emotions aroused vs. still

Watson & TELLEGEN (1985) Negative Affect: feeling unpleasant and highly activated extent to which an individual is currently upset or distressed. distressed vs. relaxed Positive Affect: feeling pleasant and highly activated one’s current level of pleasure and enthusiasm excited vs. sluggish

Watson and tellegen (1985) The underlying dimensions of emotions are: POSITIVE AFFECT– How arousing is this positive emotion? NEGATIVE AFFECT– How arousing is this negative emotion? All EMOTIONS ARE STRONG ENGAGEMENT! Unipolar Dimension Measured by the same adjective on each pole PA is independent of NA (someone could be high in both PA and NA) Each defined by pleasantness and arousal

What’s going on with the “Low” poles? Low poles indicate deactivation of affect (i.e. absence of affect) Not considered true emotions b/c lack intensity Low NA = presence of negative deactivation Pleasant emotions low in arousal Low PA = presence of positive deactivation Unpleasant emotions low in arousal In W&T’s model, PA and NA usually negatively correlated Low PA would co-occur with High NA Low NA would co-occur with High PA

Positive emotions range from high arousal thru low arousal to lack of positive emotions

Negative emotions range from high arousal thru low arousal to lack of negative emotions

MIXED EMOTIONS

More positive!

More negative!

Watson & Tellegen’s (1998) PANAS-Momentary Negative Affect! Watson & Tellegen’s (1998) PANAS-Momentary Positive Affect! Interested Excited Strong Enthusiastic Proud Alert Determines Attentive Active Distressed Upset Guilty Scared Hostile Irritable Ashamed Nervous Jittery Afraid (PANAS-Momentary; Watson et al., 1998)

Evaluative space model Cacioppo & Bernston (1994) Evaluative space model

Imagine that you and your best friend tried out for the same position on the PSU soccer team. Your friend received the position, but you did not. Using the grid below, please rank how negative and positive you would feel about this outcome.

EVALUATIVE SPACE MODEL (esm): affect Affect: feeling for or against a referent Does not include activation PA and NA can be +, -, or un-correlated Allows for experience of mixed emotions (Cacioppo & Bernston, 1994)

Types of emotions Coactivation: PA ↑, NA ↑ (mixed emotions) Coinhibition: PA ↓, NA ↓ Reciprocity: PA ↑, NA ↓ Uncoupled Activation: PA and NA not correlated Coactivation can occur, but affective processes gravitate toward bipolarity over time because bipolarity is more stable

Identify the following: High Positivity, Low Negativity (reciprocity) Low Positivity, High Negativity (reciprocity) Low Positivity, Low Negativity (coinhibition) High Positivity, High Negativity (coactivation)

High Positivity, Low Negativity

High Positivity, Low Negativity High Negativity, Low Positivity

High Positivity, Low Negativity Low Negativity, Low Positivity High Negativity, Low Positivity

High Positivity, Low Negativity High Negativity, High Positivity Low Negativity, Low Positivity High Negativity, Low Positivity

Reciprocity Similar to Russell’s valence dimension

Coactivation Reciprocity Coinhibition

Mixed Emotions: Russell & Barrett (1999) Extent to which a pair of emotions is experienced together depends on how close the two emotions lie in the space. What correlation would R & B’s model predict for happiness and sadness? A: Positively correlated B: Uncorrelated C: Negatively correlated. D: Not Sure

Mixed Emotions: Watson & Tellegen Typically, PA and NA are negatively correlated. Pleasantness and Unpleasantness are ALWAYS negatively correlated. What correlation would W & T’s model predict for happiness and sadness? A: Positively correlated B: Uncorrelated C: Negatively correlated. D: Not Sure

Let’s Compare models

ESM vs. Circumplex: Agreement Does not disagree completely with circumplex Both allow for most mixed emotions (circumplex does not allow for happy and sadness) Both include bipolar valence and activation dimensions (and view them as important) On “typical days”: ESM reverts to circumplex (when mixed emotions are not experienced) ESM View: People usually experience happiness OR sadness, not both simultaneously

ESM vs. Circumplex: disagreement Mixed emotion of happiness and sadness ESM: Allows for and measures Circumplex: Does not allow for / does not measure ESM: Coactivation, coinhibition, and uncoupled activation included in model

Russell vs. watson: Agreement Use Circumplex model to explain emotions Both view activation and valence part of emotional experience Happy/sad: 180⁰ apart; negatively correlated; mutually exclusive Allow for other mixed emotions (e.g. tense/excited)

Russell vs. watson: disagreement Building Blocks of Emotion Watson: positive affect and negative affect Russell: valence and arousal Number of Activation Dimensions: Watson = 2 unipolar activation dimensions (e.g., PA & NA) Russell = 1 bipolar activation dimension Some say… Watson = 2 valence dimensions (pleasantness, engagement) Russell = 1 valence dimension (pleasantness)

Bringing it together Watson’s High Positive Affect = Russell’s Pleasantness + Activation Alert, excited, peppy, elated Watson’s High Negative Affect = Russell’s Unpleasantness + Activation Disgust, fear, anger Watson’s Low PA = Russell’s Unpleasantness + Deactivation Lethargic, fatigued, drowsy Watson’s Low NA = Russell’s Pleasantness + Deactivation Calm, content, serene

Bringing it together: Happy v. Sad Watson: Happiness = moderately activated, pleasant emotion Sadness = moderately activated, unpleasant emotion Cannot occur at same time Russell Happiness = high pleasantness, moderate activation Sadness = high unpleasantness, moderate activation Cacioppo’s ESM Happiness = high pleasantness Sadness = high unpleasantness Can occur at same time!