“Informatika va axborot texnologiyalari” fani

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Presentation transcript:

“Informatika va axborot texnologiyalari” fani OCHIQ DARS ISHLANMASI KOPYUTER TARMOQLARI VA ULARNING TURLARI Azzamov Abdumalik

KOPYUTER TARMOQLARI BU Kоmpyutеrlаrning o’zаrо turli mа`lumоtlаr, dаsturlаr аlmаshish mаqsаdidа biriktirilishi «KОMPYUTЕR TАRMОQLАRI» dеyilаdi.

KOMPYUTER TARMOQLARINING PAYDO BO’LISH SABABLARI Kompyuter tarmoqlarining paydo bo’lish sabablaridan biri resurslaridan hamkorlikda foydalanish, alohida kompyuter imkoniyatini kengaytirishdir. Dаstlаbki mа`lumоtlаrni kоmp`yutеr оrqаli uzаtish vа qаbul qilish XX аsrning 50-yillаridа bоshlаnib, lаbоrаtоriyalаrdа tаjribа sifаtidа оlib bоrilаr edi. 60- yillаrning оxirigа kеlib АQShning «Istiqbоlni bеlgilоvchi аgеntligi»ning (DARPA- Defense Advansed Research Project Agency) mаblаg’i hisоbidаn birinchi milliy tаrmоq yarаtildi.

Bu tаrmоq аgеntlik nоmi bilаn yuritilа bоshlаndi vа u ARPANET dеb nоm оldi. ARPANET (1969 yil-Advanced Research Projects Agency NetWork) АQShning mudоfаа vаzirligi tоmоnidаn tаshkil qilingаn eng eski kоmp`yutеr tаrmоg’i hisоblаnаdi. Uning аfzаlligi, tаrkibidа turli turdаgi kоmp`yutеrlаr bоr tаrmоq bilаn ishlаsh qоbiliyatigа egаlidаdir. Tаrmоq 80-yillаrgа kеlib bоshqа kоmp`yutеr tаrmоqlаri bilаn birlаshtirilib, Internet qismi sifаtidа ishlаtilа bоshlаndi.

LAKAL TARMOQ “Lokal tarmoqlar” (LAN, Local Area Network) deganda aynan shunday tarmoqlarni tushiniladiki, u o`lchamlari katta bo`lmagan bir-biriga yaqin joylashgan kompyuterlarni birlashtiradi. Bunday izohlarni aniq emasligini tushunish uchun ayrim lokal tarmoqlarni xarakteristikalarini ko`rish yetarli bo`ladi. Masalan, ayrim lokal tarmoqlar bir necha kilometr yoki o`nlab kilometrlar masofadagi aloqani oson ta'minlaydi. Bu esa xona, bino, bir-biriga yaqin joylashgan binolarni birlashtirish mumkin. Unda o`lchamlari butun shaharga teng tarmoqni birlashtirish mumkin.

MINTAQAVY TARMOQ Ko`pincha kompyuter tarmoqlarining yana bir sinfini ajratishadi - shaxar tarmoqlari (MAN, Metropolitan Area Network). Ular global tarmoqlarga yaqinroq bo`ladi, lekin ba'zan lokal tarmoq xususiyatiga ega bo`lishadi, masalan yuqori sifatli aloqa kanallari va nisbatan uzatishni yuqori tezligi. Shahar tarmog`i o`zining hamma afzalliklari bilan haqiqatan ham lokal bo`lishi mumkin. To`g`risi xozir lokal va global tarmoqlari orasida ma'lum bir aniq chegarani o`tkazish mumkin emas.

GLABAL TARMOQ Boshqa tomondan, global tarmoqlar bo`yicha (WAN, Wide Area Network yoki GAN, Global Area Network) bir xonadagi qo`shni stollarda joylashgan kompyuterlar birlashishi mumkin, buni esa negadir hech kim lokal tarmoq deb atamaydi. Shuningdek, bir-biriga yaqin joylashgan kompyuterlar kabel orqali interfeyslarning (RS 232-C, Centronis) tashqi razyomlariga yoki kabelsiz infraqizil kanali bo`yicha ulanadi. Bunday aloqa ham lokal tarmoq deyilmaydi. Bir nechta kompyuterlarni birlashtirgan kichik tarmoqni lokal tarmoq deb atash noto`g`ri.

•Shina (bus), bunda hamma kompyuterlar bir aloqa liniyasiga parallel ulanadi va har bir kompyuterdan axborot bir vaqtda hamma qolgan kompyuterlarga uzatiladi

Yulduz (star), bunda bitta markaziy kompyuterga chetda qolgan kompyuterlar ulanadi, shu bilan birga har biri o‘zining alohida aloqa liniyalaridan foydalanadi

Halqa (ring) bunda har bir kompyuter axborotni har doim faqat bitta zanjirda kelayotgan kompyuterga uzatadi, axborotni esa faqat zanjirdagi oldinda kelayotgan kompyuterdan oladi, va bu zanjir “halqa” bo‘lib birlashgan

Kombinatsiyali topologiyalar

HUB

Ethernet

Router Ruter (marshrut ko‘rsatuvchisi) – bu tarmoqlarni bir birovi bilan birlashtiradigan qurilma Hardware – Router Routing – Tabelle

3 ta katta guruhga bo‘linadi: Tarmoq kabellari. 3 ta katta guruhga bo‘linadi:  Ekranlangan (shielded pair, STR) va ekranlanmagan (unshilded pair, UTR) Larga bo‘lingan to‘qilgan (o‘ralgan) juft simlar asosidagi kabellar;  Koaksial (coaxial cable);  Optotolali (fiber optic);

Ekranlangan (juft kabellar )

Koaksial kabellar

Optotolali kabellar

MAVZUGA DOIR TEST TOPSHIRIQLARI 1.Tarmoq birinchi bo`lib kimlar tomonidan yaratilgan A) Xarbiylar tomonidan B) Olimlar tomonidan C) B va D javoblar to`g`ri D) Kompyuterda ishlovchilar shaxslar tomonidan 2.Tarmoq necha turga bo`linadi? A) 4 turga B) 5 turga C) 3 turga D) 2 turga 3.Glabal tarmoq qanday kabellar bilan ishlaydi? A) Juft kabellar B) Optik tolali kabellar C) Koaksal kabellar D) To`g`ri javob yo`q 4.Qaysi tarmoqda tapalogiya ishlatiladi A) Glabal B) Lakal C) Mintaqaviy D) Tapalogiya o`zi bir tarmoq 5.Lakal tarmoq qayerlarda qo`laniladi ? A) Dunyo bo`yicha B) Viloyat tumanlar aro C) A va B javoblar to`gri D) Binolar ichida

6. Kabel uchki qismidagi qurulmalar nomi? A) HUP B) Kuller C) Konnektor D) Kondensator 7.Qanday tarmoq turlari mavjut? A)Lakal B) Glabal C) Mintaqaviy D) Barcha javoblar to`g`ri 8. …………………kompyuter tarmog`i deyiladi ? A) Dasturlar ustida amallar B) Internetda saytlar yaratib va amallar bajarsa C) O’zаrо turli mа`lumоtlаr, dаsturlаr аlmаshish mаqsаdidа biriktirilishi D) Barcha javoblar to’g’ri 9.Glabal tarmoq ? A) LAN (Lokal Areal Network ) B) WAN (Wide Areal Network ) C) MAN (Metrolitan Areal Network ) D ) RAR va ZIP 10.Tarmoq tapologiyalari bular ? A) Lakal, HUP, modem B) Xalqa, shina , yuldiz C) USB, Fleshkalar, kabellar D) To`g`ri javoblar yo`q

E`TIBORINGIZ UCHUN RAXMAT!!!