Aim What is an Enzyme?

1. What are the building blocks of proteins. 2 1. What are the building blocks of proteins? 2. What determines the shape of a protein? 3. What determines the function of a protein?

Enzymes A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in a cell

Enzyme are also called Catalysts Biological catalyst Biochemical catalyst

List some reactions in a cells that require an enzyme to occur List some reactions in a cells that require an enzyme to occur. To help with your list , write some of the organelles that are in a cell and think about what occurs at each of them. Organelle Reaction___ Ribosome - Protein synthesis Mitochondria- Vacuole- Chloroplasts-

Enzymes speeds up chemical reactions Synthesis Digestion Cellular respiration Photosynthesis

Enzymes Substrate- the molecules that attaches to the enzyme Active Site- the area on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

Enzymes have shapes Enzymes have specific shapes that influence how they interact with other molecules Enzymes are proteins

Digestive Enzyme The enzyme(X) attaches to the starch and breaks it up into glucose products Enzyme is reused. (Stays intact)

Synthesis Enzyme Synthesis means to make or combine Helps simple compounds combine to make complex compounds

Functions of Enzymes Digestion (Breaks down) Synthesis (to make)

Lock and Key concept Enzyme A Enzyme B

Facts on enzymes Proteins (have shapes) Shape determines it’s function Enzymes end in ‘ase’. ( Amylase, Maltase, protease, Lipase etc... If enzymes are proteins, where are enzymes made in the cell? The Ribosomes

1. An enzyme and four different molecules are shown in the diagram below. The enzyme would most likely affect reactions involving molecule A, only molecule C, only molecules B and D 4.molecules A and C

2. Which substances are necessary for the synthesis of most materials in an organism? 1.hormones 2.carbohydrates 3.antibodies 4.enzymes

3. Which characteristic allows enzymes to function in a specific way? 1.Enzymes are complex compounds composed of starch. 2.Each enzyme has a characteristic shape. 3.Enzymes are long, complex fats. 4.Each enzyme is made up of four subunits

4. Compound X increases the rate of the reaction below. Compound X is most likely an enzyme a lipid molecule an indicator an ADP molecule

5. Substances X and Y are examples of which kind of molecule? simple sugar amino acid fat hormone

Aim What factors affect the rate of an enzyme?

What does rate mean? Rate refers to the change of something over time In other words how fast something goes Beats per second

Factors affecting Enzymes rates Temperature pH (Acid or base) Concentration

Optimum Temperature The temperature that an enzyme works best At what temperature does enzyme work best? 37° C

Temperature change Increase in temperature increases enzyme rate Decrease in temperature decreases enzyme rate

Extreme temperature change Inactivates the enzyme because it destroys its shape Substrate does not fit in active site Substrate Active site Enzyme

pH scale pH scale goes from 0-14 Number assigned to a liquid indicating whether its an acid or base The lower the pH the more acidic (Range 0-6) The higher the pH the more basic ( Range 8-14) Neutral is 7 (Water)

pH change Change in pH (acid or base) begins to change the shape of the enzyme which means it won’t work as well

Optimum pH Most enzymes work the best at a certain pH. This is called it’s optimum pH

Some optimum pH values Stomach Enzymes- pH 2 Blood Enzymes pH-7 Small Intestines pH-8

Enzyme concentration The more of a certain enzyme that is present the faster it will work on substrate Enzymes make chemical reactions occur faster

The diagram illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms The diagram illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms.  The substance labeled “catalyst” is also known as a hormone an enzyme an antibody an inorganic compound

The graph shows the relative rates of action of four enzymes, A, B, C, and D. Which two enzymes would function in a region of the human body having a neutral pH? enzymes A and B enzymes B and C enzymes C and D enzymes B and D

Base your answer on the graph and on your knowledge of biology Base your answer on the graph and on your knowledge of biology. Which is a true statement about the relationship between pH and enzyme action? All enzymes work best at a neutral pH. Adding more acid does not affect the rate of activity of an enzyme. Enzymes function only in a pH range of 4.0 to 5.5. The activity of an enzyme is affected by pH

Enzyme molecules normally interact with substrate molecules Enzyme molecules normally interact with substrate molecules. Some medicines work by blocking enzyme activity in pathogens. These medicines are effective because they 1.are the same size as the enzyme 2.are the same size as the substrate molecules 3.have a shape that fits into the enzyme 4.have a shape that fits into all cell receptors