Also called Biomolecules or Organic Molecules Life Molecules Also called Biomolecules or Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules Most “life” molecules have a backbone of carbon. Carbon can form 4 bonds so many atoms can bond and branch off. Many molecules are composed mostly of carbon & hydrogen = Hydrocarbons

Building Blocks Biomolecules may be made of hundreds to millions of atoms! Large molecules are built from smaller, repeating units. Monomer = Polymer = Small molecular units that make up a polymer. Long chains of monomers.

Monomer & Polymer

Life’s Large Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Classified into four main groups Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates STRUCTURE: These are simple sugars. -Made of: Monosaccharides These are simple sugars. -When you put monosaccharides together, you get: Polysaccharide

Function of Carbohydrates: - A key source of energy for the body. -They turn into energy for all cells. Examples of Carbohydrates: Starch – stored energy in plants Glycogen – stored energy in animals Cellulose – structural support in plants

Lipids: Fats Monomers: Glycerol & Fatty Acids Polymers: Fat Energy Storage Hydrophobic: “Water Fearing”

Lipids: Saturated Fats Saturated Fat – all fatty acid chains contain max of hydrogen atoms (all single bonds). Solid at room temperature. Contribute to an unhealthy diet.

Lipids: Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated Fats – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains. Liquid at room temp. Healthier choice.

Lipids: Steroids Testosterone (male hormone) Estrogen (female hormone) Carbon skeleton forms four fused rings. Chemical Message Example: Testosterone (male hormone) Estrogen (female hormone) Cholesterol

Proteins Body Structures: Hair, Fur, Nails, Muscle. Monomer: Amino Acid Polymer: Polypeptide Examples & Uses: Body Structures: Hair, Fur, Nails, Muscle. Long Term Nutrient Storage. Body Defense – Receptors on Cells Control Chemical Reactions

Let’s Watch! Watch enzyme animations: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm- 75-PL4&feature=related

Proteins: Enzymes Used to speed up chemical reactions in a cell. (lowers the amount of energy needed) End in “ase” Protease breaks down proteins Lipase breaks down fats Enzymes are catalysts: Speeds up reaction, can be used over and over again. The reaction does not change it (like a key!) Acts on a substrate: The substance that is changed during the reaction.

An enzyme lowers the energy needed so that the reaction can work at normal cell temperatures

How an Enzyme Works: Shape of an enzyme only fits particular molecules (substrate) Active site → where the substrate fits

How an Enzyme Works

Protein Shape Proteins are made of chains of amino acids twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape. Analogy: Yarn = string of amino acids Sweater= protein with a purpose! The “folds” determine the function. Denaturation: When proteins are affected and lose their shape. Ex: Frying an Egg