Market Failures and the Role of the Government AP MICROECONOMICS Unit 6: Market Failures and the Role of the Government Mr. Lindquist

How was your break? Turn to the people around you and ask them one thing that they did over break? Anything with economics????

Unit 6: Market Failures Length Modules Assignments Key Questions 1.5 Weeks Modules Module 74, 75, 76, & 77 Assignments Reading Outlines and Problem Sets Key Questions 1. Why does the free market need government? 2. What goods and services does the government provide?

When should the government get involved in the economy? Lindquist - AP ECON When should the government get involved in the economy? Worker Safety Laws Barber Shop Licenses Bank Bailouts Picture is from the Triangle Shirt Fire Every society needs to decide how much government involvement is desirable

What is the Free Market? (Capitalism)

5 Characteristics of Free Markets Little government involvement in the economy. (Laissez Faire = Let it be) 2. Individuals OWN resources and determine what to produce, how to produce, and who gets it. 3. The opportunity to make PROFIT gives people INCENTIVE to produce quality items efficiently. 4. Wide variety of goods available to consumers. 5. Competition and Self-Interest work together to regulate the economy.

Example of the INVISIBLE HAND of the free market: If society wants purple shirts and people are willing to pay high prices then… Businesses have the INCENTIVE to start making purple shirts to earn PROFIT. This leads to more COMPETITION…. Which means lower prices, better quality, and more product variety. To maintain profits, firms find most efficient way to produce goods and services. Lindquist - AP ECON

The end result of the Free Market… Competition and self-interest act as an invisible hand that regulates the free market. The government doesn’t need to get involved since the needs of society are automatically met.

Does the Free Market ever FAIL to meet society’s needs?

The government must step in to satisfy society’s wants. What is a Market Failure? Market Failure- A situation in which the free-market system fails to satisfy society’s wants. (When the invisible hand doesn’t work.) Private markets do not efficiently bring about the allocation of resources. What’s the result… The government must step in to satisfy society’s wants.

How does the free market FAIL?

The Four Market Failures We will focus on four different market failures: Public Goods 2. Externalities (third person side effects) 3. Monopolies (inadequate Competition) 4. Unfair distribution of income In each of the above situations, the government step in to allocate resources efficiently.

Market Failure #1: PUBLIC GOODS

Market Failure #1: Public Goods Public Goods would NOT be provided PUBLIC GOODS DEFINITION: Goods or services whose benefits are available to everyone and are paid for collectively. Goods or services for which it would be impractical or inefficient to make consumers pay individually or exclude “Free-Riders”. (Lindquist)

Would there be enough to meet our needs? Public Goods If there was no government, how would schools, parks, and freeways be different? Would there be enough to meet our needs? Public Sector- The part of the economy that is primarily controlled by the government Private Sector- The part of the economy that is run by private individuals and companies that seek profit. Video: Fire Department Auction

Public Goods Free Riders are individuals that benefit without paying. Why must the government provide public goods and services? It is impractical for the free-market to provide these goods because there is little opportunity to earn profit. This is due to the Free-Rider Problem Free Riders are individuals that benefit without paying.

Examples of Public Goods Military Country is less efficient without one Less safe Entrepreneurs won’t take risks at opening up businesses Could it be done as a business for “profit”? NO!!!!

MORE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS 2. Police Can you provide it “privately? NO!!!!

MORE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS 3. ROADS Imagine roads in a “Pure” Capitalist society Would the road go in a straight line? LESS EFFICIENT!!!

MORE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS 4. Schools We want EVERYONE educated so our economy will thrive. Not just the folks that can afford it

5. Fire Department? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwJrPa8Ps7A Like police department…it is NOT Efficient. By the time you prove you have private insurance or can pay out of pocket. Your house has burned down.

What’s wrong with this picture?

HOMEWORK Read and Outline Module 76 Pages 752-760

Review List the characteristics of the Free Market. Lindquist - AP ECON List the characteristics of the Free Market. Define Market Failure. What is the “invisible hand”? List the 4 Market Failures. Why must the government provide public goods? Define Free Rider. What is wrong with having free riders?

The Free Rider Problem Examples: People who download music illegally People who watch a street performer and don’t pay Teenagers that live at home and don’t have a job Canada

Does anyone free ride off you? Canadian Military Spending: $21.8 Billion US Military Spending: $660 Billion Why doesn’t Canada spend more on their military?

What’s wrong with Free Riders? Free-Riders keep firms from making profits. If left to the free market, essential services would be under produced. To solve the problem, the government can: 1. Find new ways to punish free-riders. 2. Use tax dollars to provide the service to everyone.

EVERYONE pays a mandatory tax and all receive the same benefits. The Final Exam I am willing to give an 100% on the final exam to whichever class gives me $1000. Everyone in the class will get 100% even if they don’t pay. Who is willing to pay? What about those that refuse to pay? Solution? EVERYONE pays a mandatory tax and all receive the same benefits.

Definition of Public Goods

Definition of Public Goods Public goods have two criteria: 1. Nonexclusion Cannot exclude people from enjoying the benefits (even if they don’t pay). Ex: National Defense, lighthouse 2. Shared Consumption (Nonrivalry) One person’s consumption of a good does not reduce the usefulness to others. Ex: Waller Park, TV Shows

AGENDA Excludable vs Non-Excludable activity Go over UNIT #4 FRQs HOMEWORK: Read and Outline Module 76 Pages 752-760

Identify which of the following are TRUE public goods Lindquist - AP ECON Identify which of the following are TRUE public goods (have non-exclusion and non-rival consumption): 1. Hamburgers 2. Satellite TV 3. Free Public Education 4. Homes 5. Street lights 6. Highways 3 and 5

Identify which of the following are TRUE public goods (have nonexclusion and nonrival consumption): 1. Hamburgers 2. Cable TV 3. Free Public Education 4. Homes 5. Street lights 6. Highways

Lindquist - AP ECON 2008 Audit Exam 76% 15. E

PUBLIC GOODS Why doesn’t the free market provide them? Market Failure #1 PUBLIC GOODS Why doesn’t the free market provide them? There is little opportunity to earn profit. Why NOT? Individuals benefit without paying.

HOW MANY PUBLIC GOODS?

Can the government… Prevent wild fires in California forever? Ensure that no one ever speeds on the freeway? Create a research station on Mars? Stop pollution from fossil fuels? Completely stop illegal immigration? Make sure everyone in the US has a job? YES! But the costs outweigh the benefits. How does the government decide how many public goods to provide?

They use Supply and Demand Producer where MSB = MSC How does the government determine what quantity of public goods to produce? They use Supply and Demand Demand for Public Goods- The Marginal Social Benefit of the good is it’s usefulness to society ad is determined by citizens willingness to pay. Supply of Public Goods- The Marginal Social Cost of providing each additional quantity. Producer where MSB = MSC

1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0 Demand for a New Park Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes Assume: There are only two people in society. Each additional park costs $5 How many parks should be made? # of Parks Adam is willing to pay Jill is willing to pay Society’s Demand for Parks Marginal Cost 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0

Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes Society’s Demand (MSB) Demand for a New Park Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes # of Parks Adam is willing to pay Jill is willing to pay Society’s Demand (MSB) Marginal Cost per Park 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0

Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes Society’s Demand (MSB) Demand for a New Park Marginal willingness to pay higher taxes # of Parks Adam is willing to pay Jill is willing to pay Society’s Demand (MSB) Marginal Social Cost 1 $4 $5 $9 2 $3 $7 3 $2 4 $1 5 $0

Supply and Demand for Public Parks Price $ 9 7 5 3 1 The Demand is the equal to the marginal benefit to society D=MSB 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity of Parks

MSB = MSC Supply and Demand for Public Parks $ 9 7 5 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 What if the government made 1 park? What if the government made 4 parks? Price $ 9 7 5 3 1 MSB = MSC S=MSC The supply is the public good’s marginal cost to society D=MSB 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity of Parks