Introduction to Matter and the Atom

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year?

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year? The difference between dark matter and ordinary matter

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year? The difference between dark matter and ordinary matter How matter can be converted to energy and vice versa

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year? The difference between dark matter and ordinary matter How matter can be converted to energy and vice versa E=𝑚 𝑐 2

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year? The difference between dark matter and ordinary matter How matter can be converted to energy and vice versa E=𝑚 𝑐 2 Nuclear energy comes from converting matter into energy

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year? The difference between dark matter and ordinary matter How matter can be converted to energy and vice versa E=𝑚 𝑐 2 Nuclear energy comes from converting matter into energy Energy can be defined as a state of matter, and its capacity to change

In what contexts have we discussed matter so far this year? The difference between dark matter and ordinary matter How matter can be converted to energy and vice versa E=𝑚 𝑐 2 Nuclear energy comes from converting matter into energy Energy can be defined as a state of matter, and its capacity to change So far, we have focused on matter’s relationship with energy and other substances in the universe.

This unit will focus on: What is matter?

This unit will focus on: What is matter? What is matter made up of?

This unit will focus on: What is matter? What is matter made up of? How do we categorize matter?

This unit will focus on: What is matter? What is matter made up of? How do we categorize matter? How do different types of matter differ?

This unit will focus on: What is matter? What is matter made up of? How do we categorize matter? How do different types of matter differ? How do different types of matter interact? Etc.

What do you remember about matter from grade 8?

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume

Review Atom Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atom

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter.

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter. What does this mean?

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter. What does this mean? If we took a gold bar and cut it in half, both halves would still retain the qualities of gold (shiny, soft, yellowish, etc.)

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter. What does this mean? If we took a gold bar and cut it in half, both halves would still retain the qualities of gold (shiny, soft, yellowish, etc.) If we split the halves in two, each quarter would still retain the qualities of gold

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter. What does this mean? If we took a gold bar and cut it in half, both halves would still retain the qualities of gold (shiny, soft, yellowish, etc.) If we split the halves in two, each quarter would still retain the qualities of gold If we continued to cut the pieces smaller and smaller, eventually we would reach a point where cutting the piece again would result in a substance no longer considered gold

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter. What does this mean? If we took a gold bar and cut it in half, both halves would still retain the qualities of gold (shiny, soft, yellowish, etc.) If we split the halves in two, each quarter would still retain the qualities of gold If we continued to cut the pieces smaller and smaller, eventually we would reach a point where cutting the piece again would result in a substance no longer considered gold This tiny piece of gold that could not be cut further is called an atom

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter Atoms are composed of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons organized in shells

Review Nucleus Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter Atoms are composed of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons organized in shells Nucleus

Review Protons Neutrons Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter Atoms are composed of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons organized in shells Protons Neutrons

Review Shells Electrons Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter Atoms are composed of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons organized in shells Shells Electrons

Review Matter is defined as anything with mass and volume All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter Atoms are composed of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons organized in shells The outermost shell is referred to as the valence shell Valence shell

In summary…. Atom Nucleus Shells Protons Neutrons Electrons

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element it is Various physical/chemical properties

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element it is Various physical/chemical properties Neutron

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element Various physical/chemical properties Neutron

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element Various physical/chemical properties Neutron The number of neutrons influences the stability of an atom (relevant to nuclear reactions)

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element Various physical/chemical properties Neutron The number of neutrons influences the stability of an atom (relevant to nuclear reactions) Electron

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element Various physical/chemical properties Neutron The number of neutrons influences the stability of an atom (relevant to nuclear reactions) Electron Shells -1

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element Various physical/chemical properties Neutron The number of neutrons influences the stability of an atom (relevant to nuclear reactions) Electron Shells -1 The number of electrons influences reactivity What atoms it will react with How reactive it is How it forms compounds/bonds

Subatomic particle Location Charge Significance Proton Nucleus +1 The number of protons determines the identity of the atom What element Various physical/chemical properties Neutron The number of neutrons influences the stability of an atom (relevant to nuclear reactions) Electron Shells -1 The number of electrons influences reactivity What atoms it will react with How reactive it is How it forms compounds/bonds This unit will deal primarily with protons and electrons

Categorizing matter

Categorizing matter The number, type, and organization of the atoms within matter can vary

Categorizing matter The number, type, and organization of the atoms within matter can vary Therefore, we have created subcategories to differentiate between these atom arrangements

Matter

Matter Pure Substances

Pure Substances

Pure Substances In a pure substance, every particle is identical

Pure Substances In a pure substance, every particle is identical Pure substances cannot be separated by physical means

Matter Pure Substances

Matter Pure Substances Elements

Elements

Elements The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom, i.e. what element it is

Elements The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom, i.e. what element it is Any atom with exactly one proton is the element hydrogen Any atom with exactly six protons is the element carbon Any atom with exactly 104 protons is the element rutherfordium

Elements The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom, i.e. what element it is Any atom with exactly one proton is the element hydrogen Any atom with exactly six protons is the element carbon Any atom with exactly 104 protons is the element rutherfordium A substance containing only one type of atom (every atom contains the same number of protons) is categorized as an element

Elements The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom, i.e. what element it is Any atom with exactly one proton is the element hydrogen Any atom with exactly six protons is the element carbon Any atom with exactly 104 protons is the element rutherfordium A substance containing only one type of atom (every atom contains the same number of protons) is categorized as an element

Elements The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom, i.e. what element it is Any atom with exactly one proton is the element hydrogen Any atom with exactly six protons is the element carbon Any atom with exactly 104 protons is the element rutherfordium A substance containing only one type of atom (every atom contains the same number of protons) is categorized as an element He He He He He

Elements The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom, i.e. what element it is Any atom with exactly one proton is the element hydrogen Any atom with exactly six protons is the element carbon Any atom with exactly 104 protons is the element rutherfordium A substance containing only one type of atom (every atom contains the same number of protons) is categorized as an element He He He He He

Matter Pure Substances Elements

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds

Compounds

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together If the hydrogens were separated from the oxygen, it would no longer be considered water

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together If the hydrogens were separated from the oxygen, it would no longer be considered water If you examined every particle in a sample of pure water, you would find that every single one is comprised of two hydrogens bonded to one oxygen

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together If the hydrogens were separated from the oxygen, it would no longer be considered water If you examined every particle in a sample of pure water, you would find that every single one is comprised of two hydrogens bonded to one oxygen

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together If the hydrogens were separated from the oxygen, it would no longer be considered water If you examined every particle in a sample of pure water, you would find that every single one is comprised of two hydrogens bonded to one oxygen

Compounds Atoms do not always occur separately When two or more different atoms bond together, it is called a compound For example: water Water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together If the hydrogens were separated from the oxygen, it would no longer be considered water If you examined every particle in a sample of pure water, you would find that every single one is comprised of two hydrogens bonded to one oxygen

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures

Mixtures

Mixtures A mixture is a blend of two or more pure substances

Mixtures A mixture is a blend of two or more pure substances There are at least two different types of particles

Mixtures A mixture is a blend of two or more pure substances There are at least two different types of particles Mixtures can be separated through physical means

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures are not obviously mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures are not obviously mixtures The two (or more) substances are mixed uniformly

Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures are not obviously mixtures The two (or more) substances are mixed uniformly

Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures are not obviously mixtures The two (or more) substances are mixed uniformly

Homogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures are not obviously mixtures The two (or more) substances are mixed uniformly Salt Water

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture

Heterogeneous Mixture Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture

Heterogeneous mixtures

Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are obviously mixtures

Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are obviously mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the two (or more) substances are not mixed uniformly

Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are obviously mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the two (or more) substances are not mixed uniformly

Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are obviously mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the two (or more) substances are not mixed uniformly

Heterogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are obviously mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the two (or more) substances are not mixed uniformly Oil Water

In summary…

Next class… Characteristics of matter