Chapter 12 Population Growth and Urbanization

Myth or Fact? The most important factor in controlling world population growth is technology, especially contraception. U.S. cities are segregated because whites and non-whites don’t want to live in the same neighborhoods. The U.S. achieved zero population growth when the birthrate dropped below replacement rate in the 1970s. Suburban growth in the U.S. began because people wanted larger homes and more land. Myth Myth

Studying Population Population Demography Total number of people inhabiting a particular geographic area at a specific time Demography Study of the size, composition and distribution of human populations How these factors change over time

Elements of Demographic Change Fertility Actual number of children born Crude birth rate—the number of live births a year per 1,000 in a population Fecundity—the biological maximum number of children a woman could bear Mortality Number of deaths in a population Crude death rate—total number of deaths a year per 1,000 in a population Infant mortality—rate of death among infants under 1 year Life Expectancy Average number of years people can expect to live Rate of natural increase The difference between crude birth and death rates Migration Permanent change of residence Immigration—movement into a country Emigration—movement out of a country

Global Fertility Rates

Global Life Expectancy

Global Infant Mortality Rates

Global Migration

World Population Growth

Doubling time Years required for world population to double

Population Growth

Population Projections

Population Growth and Industrialization

U.S. Population Projections

World Population Trends Demographic transition Changing patterns of birth and death rates brought about by industrialization Demographic gap Gap between high birth rates and low death rates Carrying capacity The upper-size limit imposed on a population by its environmental resources And that cannot be exceeded

Four Stages of Demographic Transition Preindustrial Stage High Birth Rates and High Death Rates Early Industrial Stage High Birth Rates and Declining Death Rates Industrial Stage Declining Death Rates and Declining Birth Rates Postindustrial Stage Low Birth Rates and Low Death Rates

Demographic Transition

“NOVA— World in the Balance: The Population Paradox” Video Presentation: “NOVA— World in the Balance: The Population Paradox”

Perspectives on Population Growth Functionalism Thomas Malthus – “Essay on the Principles of Population” Concern about population boom in Europe during Industrial Revolution The Malthusian Theorem Food production growth is additive Population growth is exponential The “Malthusian Trap” Population growth as a social problem Relationship between population growth and exhaustion of available resources

Perspectives on Population Growth Conflict Theory Population problems due to inequitable distribution of resources Rather than lack of resources Population as a social problem When those in control artificially limit the available resources In order to benefit one group or make a profit Interactionism Population a social problem Focus on subjective experience of reality Related to definitions about what is desirable or essential

Consequences of World Population Growth

Consequences of Population Growth Crowding Associated with other social problems Poverty, violence, crime Food shortages Efforts focused on sea, farmland and yield increases The “Green Revolution” Biotechnology and modified species Depletion of resources Shortages of fossil fuels Inter-group conflict Competition for scarce resources Space and food

Future Prospects: Population Problems Zero Population Growth Nearly equal birth and death rates Produce a zero rate of natural increase Family Planning Reproductive choices Programs to change culture and values Economic Development In developing countries Urbanization, education, rising standards of living Incentives Usually economic Tax breaks, trust funds Status of Women Promote greater equality Education, employment, political participation

The History of Cities All humans organize lives into communities Groups of people who share: A common territory Sense of identity or belonging Who interact with one another Cities are: Relatively large, permanent communities Reliant on surrounding agricultural communities for food supply History of communities Ancient: small bands of hunter-gatherers 8,000 BC: larger villages with cultivation and domestication 500 BC: large cities

The Growth of Cities Urbanization: Suburbs: Suburbanization: Process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban Industrialization (18th—19th century) Change in the U.S. 1800: ~ 6% lived in cities 2000: ~ 80% lived in cities Suburbs: On the outskirts of cities Less densely populated Primarily residential Suburbanization: Government policies (1930s) Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Veteran’s Administration (VA) Economy and technology (1940s-50s) Change in U.S. 1970: 75% of suburban residents both live and work in suburbs 2000: 60% of urban population lives in suburbs

Urban/Rural Makeup of U.S.

How Urban Is Your State?

Urban Density in the U.S. (2006) Population per square mile U.S. average: 79 Rural area average: 15 Urban density Minneapolis: 1,800 Portland: 3,000 Los Angeles: 8,000 Philadelphia: 10,000 Chicago: 12,000 San Francisco: 15,000 Isla Vista: 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile) New York City: 27,000 (Manhattan: 70,000)

Urban Density in the U.S.

Shrinking and Growing Cities

Global Cities: 1,000,000+ residents

Global Megacities 1975-2015

“NOVA— World in the Balance: China Revs Up” Video Presentation: “NOVA— World in the Balance: China Revs Up”

Problems in Cities in the U.S. Economic Decline Housing Segregation Crime Educational Problems

Problems in Cities in the U.S. Economic Decline Flight of people and jobs from cities Financial collapse of cities in Northeast and Midwest Housing Deterioration and abandonment of neighborhoods Inadequate affordable housing Segregation Ghetto A neighborhood inhabited largely by members of a single ethnic or racial group Exacerbates poverty, racial tensions Crime The larger the city, the higher the crime rate More likely in inner-cities where poor and minorities live Educational Problems Poor communities cannot afford expenses

Urban Flight

Perspectives on Urbanization Functionalism Urban conditions become social problems When they become dysfunctional When they lead to social disorganization Conflict Theory Due to social inequality Inner-city residents have little economic and political power Interactionism When defined subjectively Urban conditions “worsened” in 1980s-90s

Future Prospects: Urban Problems Federal Grants and Programs Urban renewal and community block grants Rebuild blighted areas Provide low-cost housing Stimulate private investment Private Investment Focus on making cities a better places to live “Enterprise zones” Community Development Combines private and public resources Involves community stakeholders in planning Resettlement of Cities Encouraging homeowners to move back to cities “Urban homesteading” “Gentrification” Regional Planning and Cooperation Many problems benefit from regional decision making