Revolutions of Industrialization

A Great Acceleration of Technological Innovation Use of new energy sources - (steam engines, petroleum engines) Britain - output increased some fiftyfold in the period 1750–1900 Greatest breakthrough was the steam engine Agriculture was transformed

Why Europe??? Small, highly competitive states European rulers allies w/ merchants   - as opposed to china It was in governments’ interest to encourage commerce  and innovation In Venice and Holland, merchants controlled the state - Quest for the products and ideas of Asia - Competition with Indian cotton cloth manufacture - Popularity of other Asian goods prompted imitation

Steam Engine

Why Britain Britain was the most commercialized of Europe’s larger countries - small farmers had been pushed out (enclosure movement) - market production fueled by a number of agricultural innovations - guilds had largely disappeared Supply of industrial workers with few options British aristocrats were interested in commerce British commerce was worldwide - Royal Navy protected a large merchant fleet

Why Britain British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation - policy of religious toleration (established 1688) - British government imposed tariffs to protect its businessmen - it w as easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions - unified internal market, thanks to road and canal system - patent laws protected inventors’ interests - checks on royal authority gave more room for private enterprise

Why Britain Emphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain - on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning - in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical devices, practical applications - in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs

Why Britain The British Royal Society (founded 1660) took the role of  promoting “useful knowledge” - publicized information on recent scientific advances Britain had plenty of coal and iron ore Britain was not devastated by the Napoleonic wars Social change was possible without revolution

The First Industrial Society There was a massive increase in output in Britain - rapid development of railroad systems - increase was in mining, manufacturing, and services - agriculture became less important by comparison Vast transformation of daily life - it was a traumatic process for many - different people were affected in different ways Aristocracy Declined - urban wealth became more important Businessmen and Bankers became elites

The Middle Class Upper middle class: some became extremely wealthy, bought into  aristocratic life Middle class: large numbers of smaller businessmen and professionals - politically liberal - stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and cleanliness

The Middle Class Samuel Smiles, Self-Help (1859): individuals are responsible for their own destiny Middle-class women - moral centers of society - managers of consumption (rise of “shopping”) - rising “ideology of domesticity”

Samuel Smiles – Self Help

The Laboring Classes Suffered the most and benefited the least By 1900, London was most populous in the world - vast overcrowding - inadequate sanitation and water supplies - epidemics - few public services or open spaces - little contact between the rich and the poor

The Laboring Class Work Conditions - long hours, low wages, and child labor were typical for the poor - monotony of work, direct supervision, discipline - industrial work was insecure - many girls and young women worked Women usually left outside paid employment when they married but often continued to earn money in cottage industries

Factories

Social Protest among the Laborers “Friendly Societies,” of artisans, for self-help were common Other skilled artisans sometimes wrecked machinery and burned mills Some joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise working-class men Trade unions were legalized in 1824 - growing numbers of factory workers joined them - fought for better wages and working conditions - at first, upper classes feared them

Ideology of Socialism Spreads Karl Marx (1818–1883) laid out a full ideology of socialism - human history is a history of class struggle - a growing hostility between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat - argued that capitalism can never end poverty Foretold a future (communist) golden age when industrial technology would serve the whole community - socialist ideas were attractive among more radicals - even more attractive in Germany - but the British working class was not overtly revolutionary by then

Karl Marx

British Social Conditions Conditions improved for workers in the second half of the 19th century - wages improved - cheap imported food improved diets - infant death rates fell - male workers gradually got the vote - sanitary reform cleaned up cities - even some urban parks were established However, vast inequalities still remained

Industrialization Spreads By 1900, industrialization spread to USA, Russia and Japan Women received lower wages than men - accused of taking jobs from men Establishment of trade unions + socialist movements French Industrialization – slower Germany focused on heavy industry and huge companies

Industrialization in the USA Began small with factories in New England? - Lowell mills After the civil war industrialization grew - from 1865-1914 became most industrialized in world Mass Production / Interchangeable Parts - Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller (self-made) Culture of consumption – Sears Catalogs

Henry Ford

Social Divisions Emerged in USA Growing gap between rich and poor, slums emerge Growing protest from lower class - erupted in violence (Ford and Pinkertons) Socialism did not become popular in USA - Unions were conservative - Better quality of life than in Europe - Middle class aspired for white collar jobs “Populists” denounced corporate interests “Progressives” – “fix” the social problems

“The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair

Russian Industrialization Russia was an Absolute Monarchy It had more control of the state than anywhere in the western world 1900 – no political parties, no elections, no Parliament In Russia – the state and not society initiated change Peter the Great (1689-1725) – “Transformation from above” Catherine the Great (1762-1796) – tried to Europeanize Russian culture and intellectual life The state freed the serfs in 1861

Catherine the Great

Russian Industrialization Russian industrialization launched in 1890’s - focused on railroads and heavy industry Industry focused in a few major cities with huge companies This generated a Marxist militant labor movement A growing middle class grew a hatred of Russia’s deep conservatism Russian working class radicalized quickly - harsh conditions - no legal outlet for grievances - large scale strikes, sabotage

Marxist Socialism in Russia Marxist Socialism appealed to educated Russians and gave them hope Russian Social-Democratic Party formed 1898 - workers education, unions, revolutionary thought 1905 – major rebellion, workers went on strike - formed “soviets” – representative councils - mutiny in military (appointed officers) Brutally suppressed by tsar, but tsar forced to make reforms - constitution, unions, created Duma Ultimately revolution breaks out during WWI, led by Lenin

Bolshevik Revolution

Industrialization in Latin America Only modest experiments in industry It did not transform societies Non-industrialized societies still felt the impact of Europe and North America after independence

Latin American Independence Took a long time, was very destructive 18 separate countries formed International Wars hindered development of new nations - Mexico lost vast territories to the United States (1846–1848) - Paraguay was devastated by war (1864–1870) Political life was highly unstable “caudillos” – military strongmen, often gained power

An Independent Latin America Independence = little change to social life - slavery was abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba) - most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished - but creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control of productive economic resources - small middle class allowed social mobility for a few - the vast majority were impoverished

Latin America in the Second Half of the 19th Century Greater stability, integration into global economy Rapid growth of exports to industrialized countries - exported food products and raw materials - imported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons Major investments from Europe and USA in Latin America

Latin American Industrialization Trying to become like Europe - rapid population increase - rapid urbanization - actively sought European immigrants Few people benefited from the export boom - upper-class landowners did very well - middle class grew some - over 90 percent of the population was still lower-class

The Export Boom Export Boom did not cause successful industrialization - little internal market for manufactured goods - rich had little incentive to invest in  manufacturing - governments supported free trade, so cheaper and higher-quality foreign goods were available than could be made at home - economic growth was dependent on Europe and USA - some have regarded it as a new form of colonialism - the case of the “banana republics” under pressure from  the United States - repeated U.S. military intervention

Banana Republic

Towards Democracy? Only in Mexico did conditions provoke a nationwide revolution - overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) - major, bloody conflict (1910–1920) - huge peasant armies - transformed Mexico New Constitution (1917) - universal suffrage - land redistribution - disestablishment of the Catholic Church - minimum wage