G. V. Johnson and W. R. Raun Dept. Plant & Soil Sciences

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Presentation transcript:

Reducing N fertilizer field losses by managing spatial and temporal response variability G. V. Johnson and W. R. Raun Dept. Plant & Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK

The Problem: Poor NUE Worldwide NUE in cereals  33% 1 % improvement  490,000 Mg/yr 1 % improvement  $235,000,000/yr. Higher NUE = lower field N losses

Poor NUE

Poor NUE

Poor NUE Fertilizer Volatilization H+ + NO3- O2 + CEC (-) NH4+ Source and fate of ammonium (NH4+). Volatilization Fertilizer H+ + NO3- O2 + CEC (-) NH4+ Soil Organic Matter-N Mineralization + OH- NH3 + H2O

Poor NUE Rainfall Denitrification Fertilizer Leaching Nitrification Source and fate of nitrate (NO3-). NO3- Denitrification N2O and N2 - O2 Rainfall NO3- Fertilizer O2 + NH4+ Nitrification H+ + Leaching NO3-

Poor NUE

Poor NUE Result of mineral N present at concentrations in excess of plant needs.

Crop N Need Growth Stages in Cereals Heading Stem Extension Tillering Ripening Stage Heading Stem Extension Growth Stages in Cereals Crop N Need Tillering

Temporal variability Uncertain yield potential

Temporal variability Uncertain use (availability) of non-fertilizer N

Temporal variability Relationship of potential yield and use of non-fertilizer N

Temporal variability Estimated fertilizer N (70% eff.) to maximize wheat yield

Temporal variability (corn) Irrigated corn yields (Mead, NE, 15-yr) Check plot yields Mean = 84 bu/acre CV = 36 Fertilized max yields Mean = 135 bu/acre CV = 16 Fertilized vs. Check R2 = 0.36

Temporal variability (N Response; RI) Winter wheat RI Range = 1.0 to 4.1 Mean = 1.9 CV = 38 Irrigate corn RI Range = 1.1 to 3.5 Mean = 1.8 CV = 34

Spatial variability

Problems with conventional N management Assumes temporal variability is negligible. Yield potential is the same each year. Supply of non-fertilizer N to crop is constant and negligible. N application rate for field is the same each year. Assumes preplant fertilizer-N will be efficiently used. Assumes field(s) will be uniform. Constant N rate for entire field(s).

Solutions Estimate N response in-season. N-Rich Strip 90 N Preplant N-Rich Strip March 20 Limited preplant N 45 N Preplant

Solutions Estimate N response in-season. 90 N Preplant RINDVI = 1.46

Solutions Estimate N response in-season.

Solutions Provide in-season estimate of yield (INSEY) YP0 YPN YPMAX

Solutions Measure and treat spatial variability

Solutions Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season

Solutions Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season

Solutions Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season Apply most N as a top dress

Economic estimates Average Gain = $10.73/acre/yr

Economic estimates Average Gain = $17.13/acre/yr

2002 Field trials 10 trials using 60-ft boom sensor-applicator. 82 34.6 92 20 21 52 Farmer Check 17 100 39.8 79 23 15 41 VRT 81 Yld (bu/a) Total N Late Early Preplant N Treatment Obs. Return ($/Ac) Topdress N Web site. http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use/

Conclusions Temporal variability can be managed. Create N-Rich Strip in each field. Evaluate yield potential and N responsiveness in-season using sensor. Spatial variability can be managed on a fine resolution (<m2) New management strategy improves profitability for farmers. New management strategy reduces field loss of fertilizer.