Topic 4 – The Romans TIME https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayqfgF2nMe4&t=14s 18.18 ON OLD MEDICINE VIDEO – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OptEth-pPnc Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary The Romans: Disease and Infection Religion important—Galen Plague prayed to Asclepia Galen—opposites theory. Wrote books—introduced 4 humours to Rome Large temples Diet and exercise Herbal remedies Factors Government Individual Genius Religion Luck Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Disease and Infection Religion was still just as important in Ancient Rome as it was in Ancient Greece. During the Antonine Plague (Galen’s Plague) from AD 165-180, Ancient Romans turned back to the Greek God Asclepius (for cures were working) - who remained a central God until the end of the Roman era. Many temples were built which were dedicated to the Gods of healing. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Disease and Infection Taking a step backwards in time from Antonine Plague, Romans thought themselves better than the Greeks so initially rejected any Greek ideas. Greek doctors were even imprisoned (despite the majority of Rome’s doctors being Greek) which resulted in a generally low status for the medical profession. The head of the family was in charge of medicine and they used common sense remedies and conducted religious rituals. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Disease and Infection More advanced herbal remedies were used because more herbs/ spices could obtained from the wide Roman Empire. This all changed, however, in 46 BC when Julius Caesar made all Greek doctors Roman citizens. This allowed the one other greater individual doctor of the ancient times to take centre stage. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Disease and Infection Galen drew the work of all the ancient doctors and scholars together as well as adding some new ideas of his own. He developed the four humours theory to improve treatments if provided. He created the ’opposite theory’ which stated that if someone has a cold illness (such as a cold or flu) use a hot treatment (like a chilli). If someone was very hot (like a fever) use cold cures (such as a cucumber). Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Disease and Infection Like Hippocrates, he too encouraged exercise and a healthy diet. His ideas and books became the central medicinal guides for centuries afterwards. His theories spread quickly as for a large part of his working life he was doctor to the emperor. He was very influential for thousands of years. Overall, very little actually changed in Ancient Rome for Roman medicine was really just a continuation of Greek ideas and practices. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary The Romans: Surgery and Anatomy War Mild Anaesthetic—opium Galen—public demonstrations (pig—nerves in spine), trained in gladiator hospital Factors Technology Individual Genius Religion Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Greek idea…. Belief in the healing power of gods In 293 BC an asclepion was built in Rome Roman idea… Set up the first hospital and employed public doctors and nurses who were skilled in surgery and advanced knowledge of anatomy and physiology Like the Greeks , the Romans could perform external surgery successfully and became experts at this, but there is no evidence they performed internal operations. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Greek idea…. The Greek doctors that the Romans brought over continued to use the theory of the four humour Romans ideas… The Romans looked down upon and rejected Greek theories about the causes of disease when they could have developed them and made more progress Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy The Greeks…. Some Roman doctors like Galen continued the clinical observation of patients The Romans…. The Romans observed the environment surrounding illness which led them to develop important theories about disease being related to cleanliness and ’bad air’ This helped lead to the creation of the public health system. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Surgical operations were common in Ancient Rome, through it is unlikely that many of these were large internal operations. The Romans developed many surgical tools to aid in their surgeries. They often performed operations on growths, skin, cataracts (which involved surgery on the eye) and trephining, just as the prehistoric people had. This must have been used by the Greeks as well, as it was Greek doctors performing this surgery. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy They had also developed many tools for childbirth and invented the ‘Caesarean Birth’ where the child is cut out of the mother. However, this innovation was used to remove the baby after the mother had died, or was dying, rather than the modern alternative to delivering baby with both mother and child left healthy and well. Tools such as bone levers for moving broken bones before setting the leg in a cast as well as catheters, cautery knives and suction tubes have also been found. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Surgeries were possible through using the anaesthetic, opium. This dulled the pain enough to perform minor operations and occasionally attempt larger internal ones, for instance when trying to save a soldier who was gravely ill. They also used antiseptic which consisted of acid in vinegar to prevent infections in wounds. The wars in the Roman Empire demanded better surgery to be able to treat the soldiers in the army. This drove them to develop new ideas. The enormous Roman army provided lots of practice for surgeons meaning new battlefield techniques developed. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Galen (AD 129—c.200) The most famous of Roman doctors Born around AD 129 in the Greek city of Pergamum, Galen trained as a doctor at Alexandria He worked as a gladiators’ doctor and gained some knowledge of the human body through his job. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Greek Influence Dissection of human bodies was forbidden in the Roman Empire due to religion, and was now forbidden in Alexandria too. Galen had to make do with dissecting animals instead to try and understand anatomy better. He thought that monkeys were the best animal to dissect because of their close resemblance to humans. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Unfortunately Galen’s dissection of animals led him to make wrong assumptions that the human body worked in the same way. Some of his mistakes included thinking that there was a network of blood vessels in the brain in humans like there is in some animals, that blood was made in the liver and that there were holes in the septum of the heart which let blood flow through. He also said that the human jaw bone was made up of two bones instead of one. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Galen’s theories were not always wrong—his experiments on pigs led him to discover the importance of the spinal cord in the nervous system —but he had a huge influence on medicine in the Middle Ages and his errors were not discovered until over 1,000 years later. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy He proved that speech was controlled by the brain—not the heart and showed that both veins and arteries carry blood. He did public demonstrations of his knowledge and in one episode he systematically cut the spinal nerves of a pig. When he cut a specific one the pig ceased squealing—this showed that the nerves were responsible for controlling certain bodily functions. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Treatment Galen stressed the importance of clinical observation of patients that Hippocrates had developed . He based his treatments around the theory of the four humours and tried to balance the humours by using opposites as cures. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy Why was Galen so influential? Galen using the writings and theories of every major physician from Hippocrates and onwards, which made his research varied and up—to—date. It also meant he was able to talk knowledgeably about science in general and was able to easily argue away any problems critics may have found in his theories. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Surgery and Anatomy The other reason his work survived for so long was religion. He wrote a complete work on these theories of medicine where he referred to the body as being the work of ’one creator.’ Therefore, his works were popular with the Romans where they saw this as meaning one of the gods had created the body, and with Christians and Muslims who believed in the existence of only one God. This meant that after the fall of Rome his writings could still be influential. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary The Romans - Public Health Realised dirt = disease Baths, reservoirs, aqueducts, water pipes, sewers, public toilets Flaws—still plague Factors Government Technology War Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Public Health The Romans focused more on preventing disease than curing it. Observation of their environment, like houses that were built near swamps, led them to discover that unhygienic living conditions could cause illnesses. The empire needed a healthy population to pick its army from and the Romans had the engineering skills to create the first public health system to do this. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Public Health Public Baths Roman baths were cheap so anyone could use the facilities found in them which included a hot/ warm/ cold bath. Sewers and Toilets Roman toilets or ‘latrines’, were built above a stream of water which would flush the waste away. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Public Health Hospitals The first hospitals were set up for soldiers and then for the rest of the population. Aqueducts Built in Rome and in other parts of the empire aqueducts brought fresh, clean water into the towns Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Public Health The price was kept very low so that all could be use the baths. After all it important to the Romans that all people were healthy because if some were not they could easily pass it on to others. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Public Health However there were a number of flaws. Public baths were the perfect breeding ground for all number of diseases, which easily spread from person to person in the confined space, for they weren’t emptied regularly enough (only once a week). Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Romans Public Health The sewers were too large (waste didn’t flow away quickly enough), were open air (smell and germs spread) and often emptied into rivers used for washing. The water pipes were made of lead which caused lead poisoning. Finally, the rich benefitted more (had own water supply) and the poor still lived in terribly crowded and dirty conditions—where waste was just thrown onto the streets. All of this meant that plague still occurred. Large towns and cities were still over crowded and the good transport systems and widespread army meant disease spread very quickly. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part A’s They are worth 5 marks. You should spend 5 minutes on this question. You should identify 5 key points/ideas. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe the Roman public health system. aqueducts and fresh water public baths public latrines Sewers For example, “The Roman public health system provided people with clean water. It was brought across the country by aqueducts. They also had public baths where there were hot and cold baths. They often spent the whole day there.” Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part B’s They are worth 7 marks. You should spend 10 minutes on this question. You should identify 3 reasons why. Each reason should start a paragraph. There should be another 2-3 sentences explaining the reasons. Remember to include a WOW fact! Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Romans gave so much attention to public health. Romans were practical they had good engineers importance of having a healthy army they observed that mosquitoes and swamps were connected to diseases they observed that dirty water led to diseases. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Romans gave so much attention to public health. For example, The Romans paid a lot of attention to public health because this reflected the kind of people they were. They were not like the Greeks with lots of theories, they were practical. For example, they were good engineers so they could build things like aqueducts. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Why did the Romans use many Greek medical ideas? Explain your answer. The Romans gradually conquered much of the Greek empire. The Romans borrowed gods from lots of different peoples. The Romans did not develop their own doctors. Greek doctors went to Rome. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Why did the Romans use many Greek medical ideas? Explain your answer. For example…. One of the reasons for this is that the Romans gradually conquered much of the Greek empire. This meant that the Romans had access to Greek ideas and beliefs. One of these was the god Asclepios. The Romans borrowed gods from lots of different peoples and they did so with Asclepios. When Rome was suffering from a terrible plague the Romans were desperate for help. They asked the Greek priests at a Greek Asclepeion for help and a temple was built in Rome. Temples to Ascelpios were then built all over the Roman Empire. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Why did the Romans use many Greek medical ideas? Explain your answer. Another reason is that the Romans did not develop their own doctors. The head of each household looked after his family's health and doctors were not regarded as necessary. However, the influence of Greek ideas on the Romans gradually increased and more and more Greek doctors like Galen went to Rome. Wealthy Roman families began to employ Greek doctors and so their ideas about the causes of disease and treatments based on the Four Humours began to spread across the Empire. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Romans were able to make progress in medicine. conquered the Greeks engineering skills strong central government need for a strong army Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why the Romans were able to make progress in medicine. For example… The Romans were able to make progress in medicine because they were very practical people who had many engineering skills. This enabled them to build aqueducts which brought fresh water to cities like Rome. This meant the health of the people in Rome was good because they had access to fresh clean water. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part C’s They are worth 8 marks. You should spend 15-20 minutes on this question. You need to produce a balanced answer with two sides. It is an argument, so pick one side, even if you do not believe it! Think of 2-3 reasons for each side and remember the WOW factors! To achieve the highest marks, you must come to a justified conclusion. The examiners will reward anyone the marks, as long as you explain your judgement. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

work of Galen – the opposites Anatomy physiology ‘The Egyptians contributed more than the Romans to the development of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Romans public health work of Galen – the opposites Anatomy physiology Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

knowledge of inside of body recording findings use of examination ‘The Egyptians contributed more than the Romans to the development of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Egyptians the channel theory knowledge of inside of body recording findings use of examination Led to diagnosis and prognosis specialist doctors Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

‘The Egyptians contributed more than the Romans to the development of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Conclusion The Romans contributed more because Galen's ideas were central to medicine throughout the Middle Ages while the Egyptians had no long-lasting impact. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

‘The Egyptians contributed more than the Romans to the development of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. For example… the Romans contributed more side… The Romans contributed more because of the work of Galen. He made new discoveries in how the body works and what is in it. He wrote books about this and these books and his ideas were used all the way through the Middle Ages. Doctors used his books to help them do their work. His ideas fitted in with Christian beliefs and this is why people were happy just to accept all his ideas Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

clinical method of observation, Who was more important in the history of medicine, Hippocrates or Galen? Explain your answer. Hippocrates the Oath, the Four Humours, clinical method of observation, natural treatments such as blood-letting; Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

first -hand observation, used dissections to find out about the body, Who was more important in the history of medicine, Hippocrates or Galen? Explain your answer. Galen first -hand observation, used dissections to find out about the body, anatomy, the nervous system, use of the opposites, importance of the heart, veins and arteries, influenced the Middle Ages, the books he wrote, accepted by the Christian church Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Two possible conclusions: Who was more important in the history of medicine, Hippocrates or Galen? Explain your answer. Two possible conclusions: Hippocrates was more important because he started the theory of the Four Humours and much of Galen's work was based on Hippocrates' ideas like this theory and blood-letting. So Galen was dependent on Hippocrates. Galen’s ideas lasted longer than Hippocrates Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Greeks started natural explanations of disease ‘The Romans are more important than the Greeks in the history of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Greeks started natural explanations of disease Romans introduced public health for the first time. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

‘The Romans are more important than the Greeks in the history of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. For example, The Greeks were very important in the history of medicine because their ideas were believed for thousands of years. Even in the Middle Ages doctors used the theory of the four humours and purged people and bled them. This all came from Greek ideas. Galen was treated like a God and all his ideas about the body were believed. This actually held progress up because no one wanted to question the Greek ideas. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

‘The Romans are more important than the Greeks in the history of medicine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Possible conclusion… The Romans were not important because of the fall of the Roman Empire and the destruction of their public health facilities. This meant their work had no impact on the people that followed. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*