Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
  Test for Linkage Progreny Counts AA BB aa bb aa bb(P) H 0 : The loci are NOT linked.   calc >   crit H 0 can be rejected. The loci do not.
Advertisements

Chapter 15 – The Genetic Code and Translation
MUTATIONS A mutation is a sudden change in the structure or the amount of genetic material. Most mutations are harmful to an organism, some have no effect,
Genetic Expression Genotype => Phenotype. DNA Functions Information Storage –sequence of bases Information Transmission –replication Information Expression.
Pathways Gene A Gene B Enzyme A Enzyme B Substrate  intermediate  product Most often the final product of the biochemical pathway is something.
CHAPTER 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene
Biochemical Pathways. One Gene, One Polypeptide In the 1930’s, Beadle and Tatum did a series of experiments that went a long ways towards showing what.
Protein Synthesis DNA at work.
From Gene to Protein: Chpt. 17.
RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 13. Why do we need RNA?  DNA cannot leave the nucleus  DNA gets transcribe into Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Once edited,
DNA, AND IN SOME CASES RNA, IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF HERITABLE INFORMATION DNA and RNA have structural similarities and differences that define function.
Biology 1060 Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein. Genetic Information Important: Fig Describe how genes control phenotype –E.g., explain dwarfism in.
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein.
Fig b 0.25 µm Origin of replicationDouble-stranded DNA molecule Parental (template) strand Daughter (new) strand Bubble Replication fork Two daughter.
1 Chapter 15 EXPRESSION of BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION.
From Gene to Phenotype DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 DNA strand (template) TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Protein TRANSLATION Amino acid A CCAAACCGAGT U G G U.
THE GENE What information does the gene possess?.
The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating.
BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence.
One Gene- One Enzyme Theory How Protein Synthesis came to be recognized as the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics.
Part 1 Protein Synthesis. DNA replication vs. Protein Synthesis DNA ReplicationProtein Synthesis Produces...well.. DNA Occurs in order for mitosis or.
RESULTS EXPERIMENT CONCLUSION Growth: Wild-type cells growing and dividing No growth: Mutant cells cannot grow and divide Minimal medium Classes of Neurospora.
3.A.1 DNA and RNA Part IV: Translation DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary.
Chapter 17 – From Gene to Protein 1909 – Garrod : First to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical processes.
 British physician from the 20 th century  Studied patients with alkaptonuria › A genetic disorder which causes black urine, containing alkapton  Garrod’s.
Genetica per Scienze Naturali a.a prof S. Presciuttini 1. An early hypothesis on the function of genes The first clues about the nature of primary.
6.1-Transfer of Information from DNA SBI4U1. BIG QUESTION How does a gene determine a trait?
Protein Synthesis. Proteins Most diverse macromolecule Shape = function Responsible for many different functions – Structure – Signal – Enzyme – Defense.
DNA-->RNA-->Protein-->Trait
Ch 17 From Gene to Protein Proteins: the links from genotype to phenotype.
From Gene to Protein DNA RNA Protein. What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The molecular basis of phenotypes was known before it was known.
The Ribosome –Is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Figure 17.1.
BIOL 2416 CH 4: Gene Function. How do biochemical reactions take place in a cell? Each reaction in a metabolic pathway must be catalyzed by its own enzyme.
Chapter 12.3 DNA, RNA and Protein DNA, RNA, and Protein Molecular Genetics Central Dogma  RNA - Contains the sugar ribose and the base uracil,
Geneticist Definition of Gene  If you ask 10 different geneticist to define gene, you would get 10 different answers  Genes must involve information.
Molecular Genetics Protein Synthesis One Gene-One Polypeptide.
CHAPTER 17 gene to protein George Beadle and Edward Tatum were able to demonstrate the relationship between genes and enzymes by studying mutants of a.
Geneticist Definition of Gene  If you ask 10 different geneticist to define gene, you would get 10 different answers  Genes must involve information.
  Test for Linkage Progreny Counts AA BB aa bb aa bb(P) H 0 : The loci are NOT linked.   calc >   crit H 0 can be rejected. The loci do not.
Biochemical Pathways.
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.
The Ribosome Is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Figure 17.1.
Which of the following would be the corresponding amino acid sequence that would be translated as a protein product of the following segment of DNA? A.
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15.
Ch. 17 From Gene to Protein Thought Questions
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Chapter 11.4.
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Polypeptide Synthesis
The Genetic Code Miss Richardson SBI4U.
What information does the gene possess?
The Role of DNA Chapter 9 Section 2 Part 1.
Gene Activity How Genes Work.
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Chapter From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Fig
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.
Protein Synthesis Overview
Protein synthesis
CHAPTER 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene
Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.
One Gene – One Polypeptide
Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype
Presentation transcript:

Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype Molecular Basis for Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype genotype DNA DNA sequence transcription RNA translation amino acid sequence protein function phenotype organism

One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis (Beadle and Tatum) Wild-type Neurospora crassa (red bread mold) is prototrophic. Prototrophs are able to grow on minimal medium. Minimal medium contains only inorganic salts, simple carbon source, and water. Auxotrophs require nutritional supplement(s) for growth.

One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis (Beadle and Tatum) Conidia are mutagenized with X-ray. Possible mutants are crossed to wild-type and individual ascospores are cultured on complete (permissive) medium. Cultures are plated on minimal medium and auxotrophs are isolated. Auxotrophs are tested for nutritional requirement.

One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis (Beadle and Tatum) Each requirement for a specific nutrient (mutant effect) followed Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Beadle and Tatum deduced that each mutant was deficient for an essential enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway. A_ B_ enzyme A enzyme B compound X compound Y compound Z A_ bb enzyme A compound X compound Y

One Gene/One Polypeptide Not All Gene Products are Enzymes! One Gene/One Enzyme One Gene/One Polypeptide (structural proteins, subunits) One Gene/One Product (rRNA, tRNA)

Mutants of Arginine Biosynthetic Pathway cit GSA arg orn glu + + Mutant 1 + + + + Mutant 2 + + + Mutant 3 + Mutant 4 cit citrulline GSA glutamic semi-aldehyde arg arginine orn ornithine glu glutamic acid

Mutants of Arginine Biosynthetic Pathway Order of Compounds in Pathway Determination of Mutant Effects cit citrulline GSA glutamic semi-aldehyde arg arginine orn ornithine glu glutamic acid

Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype Molecular Basis for Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype genotype DNA DNA sequence transcription RNA translation amino acid sequence protein function phenotype organism

Gene Sites Sensitive to Mutation null if splice junction is affected no effect if mutation is in the middle of the intron or not the branch point

Feedback: Privacy Policy Feedback
Do Not Sell My Personal Information
About project: SlidePlayer Terms of Service

© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc. All rights reserved.