Register for the AP Test Online!! Pick up BOTH packets from the common’s office before registering You MUST register before taking the exam. Do it ASAP!!! AP World History test date: Thursday, May 12, 2016 @ 8AM Helpful website for review: freeman-pedia.com *I also suggest buying a study guide from Barnes & Noble*

Brief Chapter 19 Review

Where we left off in Europe Spread of Christianity throughout Europe post-Rome (collapse: 476 CE) Great Schism: 1054 Roman Catholic Church in western Europe Orthodox Church in eastern Europe Byzantine empire survives as dominant Mediterranean power declined ~1100 CE and finally collapsed in 1453 when invaded by Muslim Turks

Medieval Europe: Big Picture As Byzantine Empire declined, western Europe strengthened Late 10th century: formation of Holy Roman Empire by German princes Viewed as a Christian revival of Roman empire Independent monarchies emerged in France & England Establishment of independent & competing regional states

Collapse of the Byzantine Empire Theme system: organization of Byzantine society Imperial province (theme) under authority of a general, who received his appointment from emperor was responsible for military defense & civil administration Generals recruited armies from free peasants, who received land for their services System helped expand Byzantine empire Problems emerged Theme system: peasants  dependent agricultural laborers Incentives for people to be a part of the military weakened Diminished tax receipts for government  less $$ coming in! Pressure/crusades in the west (Normans, 11-13th c) and east (Turks—mostly Muslim Seljuqs—11th-15th c) Byzantine Empire collapses in 1453 by Ottoman Turks when they captured Constantinople

Battle of Manziert: 1071 Huge role in collapse of Byzantine Empire Defeat by Seljuk Turks Defeat  internal civil war in among Byzantines, which gave Seljuks free rein in Anatolia and allowed them to conquer most of the Anatolia Peninsula Eventually able to conquer Constantinople  collapse of Byzantine Empire in 1453

Meanwhile, W. Europe strengthens Mainly due to the Crusades, which we’ll talk about in detail later—but it allowed for increased trade in medieval Europe  better Western Europe! 

Holy Roman Empire Otto of Saxony, a German prince, was proclaimed emperor by Pope John XII  establishment of Holy Roman Empire Protected the church in Europe Became Otto I Holy Roman Empire was seen as a revival of the Roman empire

#HREProblems During the Holy Roman Empire, tensions between popes & emperors both claimed authority in Christian Europe Pope chose emperors; emperors named important church officials & tried to extend authority to Italy (papal leadership) Investiture Contest: 11th & 12th centuries Pope Gregory VII: ordered end to practice of emperors choosing church officials (lay investiture) Challenged by Emperor Henry IV; he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory, then rebels took place vs. Henry Concordat of Worms (1122): Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities, marking end of Investiture Contest

The Normans Founders of the English monarchy who disregarded their lords during Carolingian rule Tightly centralized state; dukes had power & controlled all land, built castles to build military  powerful 1066: Invasion of England by Duke William of Normandy Aka: William the Conqueror Constantly at odds with Capetians (French) for territory, but still able to organize efficient monarchies

Meanwhile, in the rest of Medieval Europe… Dramatic economic growth & social development Increase in agricultural production due to arable land, improved agricultural technologies (crop rotation), new crops & new tools in general Increase in population due to the increase in the quality & quantity of food Urbanization Paris, London = two cities as thriving centers of government & business  specialization of labor  expansion of manufacturing & trade (wool)  economic development Establishment of major ports in Italy helped facilitate trade w/merchants on Indian Ocean

Meanwhile, in the rest of Medieval Europe… Trade also occurred in Baltic & Northern Seas Hanseatic League: association of trading cities from Novgorod, Russia to London Items traded: grain, fish, furs, timber Rhine River, Danube linked this trade network to Mediterranean Improved trade  improved business techniques Development of banking Use of credit for merchandise Partnerships between merchants

Social Change Improvements in social, economic life  social change Society divided in three classes; “Three Estates” Those who pray: clergy of Roman Catholic church owing loyalty to the church rather than to a secular leader (emperor) Those who fight: inherited noble rank; received education focused on equestrian skills & military Those who work: most of the population; cultivated land and dependent on lords who fought for their protection. Society also showed emphasis on chivalry—high ethical standards

Social Change Social change also affected the lower class Urban working population expanded  increased ability to resist demands of nobles Abolished taxes & tolls on commerce within urban district Formation of leagues to protect themselves against political authorities Formation of guilds: regulation of production & sale of goods within jurisdictions among merchants and workers Est standards of quality for manufactured goods Determined prices that products could be sold for Provided friendship & mutual support in addition to work—often socialized with each other Provided financial aid to members, helped plan funerals for deceased

Emergence of Scholasticism Early Middle Ages: no $$ for advanced education, basic education provided by monasteries High Middle Ages: more $$ from trade/development  demand for education and educated individuals Establishment of cathedral schools emphasized liberal arts, especially literature & philosophy (coincided with re-emergence of Aristotle’s works) Emergence of scholastic theology Sought to combine the beliefs of Christianity with Greek philosophy St. Thomas Aquinas – most famous scholastic theologians Combined Christianity with Aristotle’s teachings

Sacraments: holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings to obervants Scholasticism didn’t appeal to the masses—preferred rituals or ceremonies that benefitted them through supernatural aid or protection Sacraments: holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings to obervants Roman Catholic church recognizes 7 sacraments the most important is Eucharist, ritual meal offered by priests commemorating Jesus’ last meal before execution Belief that performing the Eucharist would protect people from sudden death and advance worldly interests

Pilgrimage to various major Christian cities to honor saints Expressed adoration of the most popular saint, Virgin Mary, through veneration of relics & physical remains Problem: it allowed for fraud! Pilgrimage to various major Christian cities to honor saints Rome: relics of St. Paul & St. Peter rested in churches Compostela, Spain: relics of St. James preserved in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela Jerusalem: birthplace of Christianity Popularity of pilgrimages  construction of inns, guidebooks to warn of fraudulent people who took advantage of pilgrims

Medieval Expansion Strength via powerful states, economic expansion & demographic growth  expansion throughout Mediterranean, Baltic & Mediterranean Reconquest/Reconquista of Italy & Spain: 11th century Reconquest of Spain – Reconquista Initially served as Islamic Caliphate; small Christian state in Catalonia survived Christian reconquista began in 1060s; received help from France & England in the 13th century (help because the Roman Catholic church saw Islam as an offense to Christianity; would assert Christian authority to conquered areas & set up missions there) Reconquista complete in 1492 when the last Islamic outpost was conquered Shift: Islam  Roman Catholicism

Crusades: Holy Wars Effort by Roman Catholics to recapture Palestine from Muslim authorities Launched by Pope Urban II: 1095 Council of Clermont: warning that Muslim Turks were threatening the eastern borders of Christendom Urged princes to stabilize the borders, then capture Jerusalem & restore Christian rule to the area—”Deus vult!” (“God wills it!”)

Crusade I Jerusalem falls to Christian crusaders, 1099 Muslims were really disorganized, but this encouraged Muslim groups to settle differences  expulsion of European Christians from eastern Mediterranean Jerusalem recaptured under Saladin in 1187

Crusades Later Crusades (five total) failed to fully restore Christianity to Palestine, but did have lasting effects Large-scale exchange of goods and ideas between Europeans & Muslims “Southernization” spread to Europe! Introduced to Aristotle, Arabic numerals, paper production techniques, new foods (spices, granulated sugar, coffee), silk, cotton textiles Demand for new products in Europe  establishment of new Italian ports Dreams/ideas of further expansion & conquest Ultimately: reintegration of Western Europe into the economy of the eastern hemisphere