4. Regulation- The Endocrine & Nervous System

Most of the time the endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis within the body. --The endocrine system is the collection of glands, which secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood, among other things. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ

Major Glands of the Endocrine system: Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Ovaries/Testes

Hypothalamus It is the portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems. -- Receives messages from other areas of the brain and from internal organs.

Pituitary gland Master gland of body When change in homeostasis is detected, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland. -- Pituitary gland is located beneath the hypothalamus; it releases its own chemicals or stimulate other glands to release them. -- Exs) thyroid stimulating hormone growth hormone (Somatotropin) Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin ADH- antidiuretic hormone

Defects from pituitary gland: Giantism- over secretion of somatotropin before puberty Dwarfism- under secretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH

Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood. Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine Defects of thyroid gland: goiter- not enough iodine hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism

Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine Adrenal glands Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine Norepinephrine Many steroid hormones, inc estrogen and androgens. Steroids have a three ring chemical structure

Pancreas- Pancreatic juices into the intestine secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells. Also secretes glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream Defects: Diabetes (already talked about)

Nervous System Functions: Internal Control Communicate with environment and all cells of the body Maintain homeostasis! http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-The-Brain-and-Central-Nervous-System-117566656

Nervous System Organs/Structures The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell. Neurons- conduct impulses throughout the nervous system Neurons have 3 regions: Dendrites=branchlike, receives impulses Axon= carries impulses away from cell and towards other neurons, muscles or glands Cell Body= main cell

Connections between Neurons Neurons don’t actually touch. A space called a Synapse lies between the dendrite and axon. Chemicals called Neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic space where they lock onto receptors.

Nervous System Neurons fall into 3 Categories: Sensory neurons- from body to spinal cord and brain 2. Interneurons- brain and spinal cord. Processes impulses and respond by sending impulses onto motor neurons Motor Neurons- carry response away from brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland Ex) Tapping someone on the shoulder. What happens?

F. Nervous System Myelin Sheath- insulates the axon helping speed up nerve impulses Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- all the nerves that branch off the spinal cord

Anatomy of the brain Brain= control center for the entire nervous system. -- Divided into 3 sections: 1) Cerebrum 2)Cerebellum 3) Brain stem

Anatomy of the brain Cerebrum- 2 hemispheres connected by bundles of nerves. Outer surface is cerebral cortex, which increases surface area. ----intelligence, memory, language, skeletal muscle movement, senses controlled by this. Cerebellum- Back of brain; controls your balance, posture and coordination. Brain Stem- made up of: medulla oblongata- controls involuntary activities such as breathing and heart rate. Pons- & midbrain- act as pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other.

More likely to have allergies More prone to migraines Scientific Left Handed Facts Make up between 5% and 10% of the population (depending on who you ask) More likely to have allergies More prone to migraines More likely to be insomniacs More likely to be on extreme poles of the intelligence scale Tend to reach puberty 4 to 5 months later than right handers Twice as likely to be a man Better at 3D perception and thinking Better at multi-tasking Live on average 9 years less than right handed people

Draw figures facing to the right Recover from strokes faster More likely to pursue creative careers Of the seven most recent U.S Presidents, 4 have been left handed Left handed college graduates go on to become 26% richer than right handed graduates On a QWERTY keyboard there are 1447 English words typed solely with the left hand, whilst only 187 are typed with the right hand.

Injury/Diseases of the Nervous System Multiple Sclerosis- myelin sheath surround nerve in the brain and spinal cord are damaged Spinal Cord Injury- loss of functions as mobility of feeling Trauma- car accidents, gunshot, falls, etc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGUAyKQKmmY&feature=PlayList&p=8189B80F2B3C3DDF&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=1