The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France

The War of 1812: Causes and Effects Mr. Winchell APUSH Period 4

The Embargo of 1807 When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807 To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t: He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection 19

The Embargo of 1807 "Never did a prisoner, released from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on shaking off the shackles of power.'‘—TJ For 15 months the embargo proved ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809 Jefferson’s decision to not run for a third term meant that these problems fell to his hand-picked successor, James Madison In 1808, Madison was elected president & the Republicans maintained control of the gov’t The embargo gained no political concessions from France or Britain But it produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, & political dissension in America just 3 days before Jefferson left office In effect for 15 months,. But it had produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, and political dissension at home. : Congress repealed the embargo just 3 days Jefferson left office

The Road to the War of 1812 The focus of Madison’s presidency was foreign policy: In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act promised the U.S. will resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality …but England continued to seize U.S. ships Madison eagerly reopened trade with England France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped seizing ships or impressing sailors) 21

The Drift to War “War Hawks” Young men from the South and the West. Demanded war against Britain to acquire Canada and against Spain, to acquire Florida. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Henry Clay of Kentucky.

Territorial expansion v. maritime rights? Causes of the War of 1812 1. Freedom of the seas. 2. American resentment of Britain. 3. American belief that the Brits in Canada were arming and encouraging the Indians. 4. American ambition to annex Canada and Florida. Territorial expansion v. maritime rights?

Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most? Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution” Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812 Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights. "Free Trade & Sailors' Rights" was a popular battle cry By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC), demanded war with England 23

The War of 1812

The War of 1812 ‘A Western War with Eastern Labels’

The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops War of 1812 The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops Despite increased patriotism, the U.S. was unprepared for war: Congress refused to raise taxes The army was small & state militias were inadequate The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe 24

In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war) The War of 1812 In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC & laid siege to Baltimore

Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland

Hartford Convention The War of 1812 is still going on!! In order to reduce southern control of Congress Federalists opposed the war by not paying taxes or sending troops In 1814, Federalists met at the Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to: Restrict Congress’ war powers Supported a one-term president Abolish the 3/5 clause They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty () 26

Spain ceded Florida to the USA Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent did not address U.S. neutrality but was ratified unanimously by the Senate Effects of the war: Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands Scared Spain into signing the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party Spain ceded Florida to the USA 27

Results of the War of 1812 1. Growth of American Nationalism. Star-Spangled Banner. Often referred to as the Second War for American Independence. 2. Strengthening of isolationism. 3. Increase in westward migration. 4. Encouragement of American Industry. 5. Disappearance of the Federalist Party.

Effects of the War of 1812 Though the US might not have gained any lands or major concessions from the war, the War of 1812 did have a number of significant effects on the young nation… The US gained incredible respect from foreign nations for fighting the world’s greatest power, England, to two stalemates There was an incredible growth in nationalistic feelings across the US, especially in the west The idea that the future of the US lay in westward expansion The death of the Federalist party

American System by Henry Clay Tariff of 1816 Manufacturing increased during war to replace products that were no longer being sold by Britain After war, Britain flood America with cheap goods to ruin American manufacturers Tariff passed to protect America’s “infant industries” Designed for protection, not revenue Opposed by most southerners American System by Henry Clay Strong banking system for easy credit Protective Tariff to develop eastern manufacturing Internal improvements – roads, canals to facilitate trade Needed especially in the west Republicans did not think constitutionally could give money for improvements, left it to the states such as Erie Canal Hamiltonians resist federal aid because didn’t want to create more states that would compete with east Would economically tie all sections of US together

Second Bank of United States-1816 First bank had expired leaving no central bank Led to economic difficulties Second Bank was chartered to stabilize economy Would provide for easy and abundant credit

Calhoun’s Bonus Bill Bonus Bill Calhoun argued needed better transportation to unite the nation and avoid “disunion” Bill by Calhoun to fund internal improvements in US Madison vetoed the bill Effects of veto Sections would not support American System Increased sectional differences North had money to build roads and canals, South did not Led to all trade going towards northern cities, south had increased dependence on agriculture and slavery

Era of Good Feelings James Monroe elected president 1816 Only Democratic-Republican party because Federalists disappeared after opposition to war National politics disappeared, people focused on sectional issues Sectionalism East Depend on trade, and industry South Depend on large plantations of cash crops West Depend on small farms Economic issues of each section were frequently at odds with other sections Panic of 1819 Over-speculation on western lands and shaky loans from banks led to economic crisis Led to Bank of United States foreclosing on farms Made western debtors see Bank as evil Increased division between wealthy and poor

Monroe Doctrine Post Napoleonic European monarchies allied to stop development of democratic movements Americans feared European anti-democratic efforts would spread to US or western hemisphere Britain benefitted from Latin American independence (trade) and did not want to see other European nations interfering 1823 George Canning of Britain propose that US and England both renounce territorial ambitions in Latin America Secretary of State John Quincy Adams did not want to tie US hands by swearing off new world territory Monroe Doctrine 1823 Noncolonization – European powers were prohibited from creating new colonies Nonintervention – European powers were not allowed to intervene in affairs of new Latin American republics US would not get involved in Greek independence from Turkey US assumed Britain would support Monroe Doctrine in effort to protect British access to trade in Latin America

Effect of Monroe Doctrine At time of doctrine, it did not have much effect Began being used in middle to end of 19th century America more concerned about own self defense than needs of Latin America Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Established southern border at 54º 40’ Led to belief that US was insulated from European interests Map of Alaska following Treaty of 1824