AMS Arctic Maritime Capabilities/S&T Panel Executive Summary: The Arctic Maritime Capabilities – S&T Panel brings together a distinguished set of experts with diverse backgrounds to discuss the current state of Arctic maritime capabilities and challenges for future operations. The focus of the discussions will be the required science and technology (S&T) investments needed to ensure U. S. and allied forces can operate effectively and efficiently in this rapidly changing Arctic.     Member Last First MI Rank Organization Horne J. D. Civ CRREL Franks Joseph LCDR USN, N-NC J8 S&T Scruggs Lee C. CAPT Chief Technology Officer for USCG Intelligence Spehn Stephen EUCOM Dep. Science Advisor

AMS Arctic Maritime Capabilities/S&T Moderated “advance questions.” 1. What are current legacy maritime capabilities and what are some significant S&T challenges 2. What current capabilities and S&T issues are facilitating or hindering current policy 3. What future Arctic maritime capabilities and what S&T should be pursued to prepare for likely future Arctic maritime challenges to operations?

Future Thinking in Maritime Domain Awareness Technology  CAPT Lee C. Scruggs Chief Technology Officer for US Coast Guard Intelligence (CG-26) (202) 372-2781 Lee.Scruggs@uscg.mil 3

Alexander Hamilton… …Father of MDA??? “A few armed vessels, judiciously stationed at the entrances of our ports, might at a small expense be made useful sentinels of the laws." Alexander Hamilton Federalist Papers 27 November 1787 4 4

MDA is Easy, Right? Helo ISR AND USCG The Coast Guard is not the first thing that comes to mind when the topic of ISR is mentioned. From what I have witnessed, however, it may be the most important aspect of our future……[ADD] 5 5

U.S. Coast Guard Missions USCG MISSIONS Note the 11 missions of the Coast Guard Notable are the distinct roles in National Intelligence, Law Enforcement Intelligence and other operations at sea. Everywhere I go, it is commonplace that everyone wants to work with the Coast Guard. Reasons: (1) Coast Guard people are great; (2) no other organization can do all that the Coast Guard does, or has the range of statutory missions the service does. 6

Seamless Sharing Across Authorities Need a Better Compass… Beltway to Seaway N S E W Seamless Sharing Across Authorities 100% Detection Beltway to Seaway Seamlessly across all authorities Seafloor to Space 100% Detection Transition 1 MDA to 2 MDU and 3 COP to 4 UDOP Seafloor to Space 7 7

Maritime Domain Awareness: Solve the Technology Gaps Every asset is a sensor Multi-Level data access, ashore and afloat Joint/ Allied ISR data network National, Departmental, Service assets interconnected Sea Floor to Space Persistent Coverage Sea Floor to Space Persistent Coverage The “end state” of ISR in the maritime environment will always be an evolving picture. This is one possible view…..[ADD MORE] Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR): We will have complete visibility and awareness of the maritime environment, from seafloor to space, both within our territorial boundaries, but even 100 miles beyond that, with fully integrated all-source intelligence access available to every unit afloat and ashore, with UNCLASSIFIED, SECRET and SCI views persistently available. We will have highly advanced ISR investments targeted to enhance this MDA picture for specific mission needs, available on multiple platforms, from small satellites, to UASs to unmanned underwater assets and sensors, all with the ability to collect multiple types of data to enhance the intelligence picture in real-time in support of every Coast Guard mission. We will not do this alone, but in partnership with DHS, DoD, and the IC, sharing data, intelligence and operational information, closing the seams between protecting the homeland and the wider challenges our partners have in dealing with threats beyond our Area of Operations. USCG ISR deployed to enhance MDA picture for mission support 8

Transitioning from MDA to MDU Enterprise Maritime Domain Awareness Enterprise Analysis & Production Support Services Enterprise Data Services Maritime Domain Understanding 9

Conclusion and Questions  CAPT Lee C. Scruggs Chief Technology Officer for US Coast Guard Intelligence (CG-26) (202) 372-2781 Lee.Scruggs@uscg.mil 10

USEUCOM Science & Technology Steve Spehn Deputy Science Advisor ECJ8-C, S&T Branch

USEUCOM S&T Challenges Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) / Communications (PNT/C) Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Anti-Access / Area-Denial (A2/AD) Intelligence, Surveillance, & Reconnaissance (ISR) Electromagnetic Spectrum Management (ESM) Cyber Command and Control (C2) Interoperability Space Resiliency Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS) Joint Reception, Staging, Onward-movement, and Integration (JRSOI) Maritime Surface and Subsurface Operations Arctic-related

USEUCOM Arctic Challenges Awareness Environmental Intelligence Arctic Domain Awareness Accessibility Presence Response Connectivity Command, Control, Communications Data Exfiltration

Solution Domains Space Layer Stratosphere Troposphere Land-Based Maritime Surface Maritime Sub-Surface

The Stratosphere Defined (roughly) The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere in which the air temperature rises with altitude as a result of absorption of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer. Lower boundary is approximately: 18 km at the Equator; 10–13 km at mid-latitudes; and 8 km at the poles. Upper boundary is approximately 50 km. Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. Credit: Randy Russell, UCAR

Potential Stratospheric Solutions S&T Challenge Example Solutions PNT/C GPS augmentation; Cooperative, tiered, alternate PNT; Distributive timing; Communications gateway IAMD Sensing; Tracking A2/AD See PNT/C; Regional data connectivity; IoT gateway ISR UGS gateway; IoT gateway Cyber TBD ESM C2 Interoperability Communications gateway; IoT gateway Space Resiliency Rapid augmentation; Interim reconstitution C-UAS Detection and tracking; C2 interdiction JRSOI Maritime Operations Communications gateway

Stratospheric Ground Footprints For a minimum elevation angle of 0° (i.e., the platform is above the observer’s horizon), the radius of the ground footprint increases by about 10 km for every 1 km increase in altitude, up to a maximum radius of about 800 km at 50 km altitude.

Stratospheric Ground Footprints Altitude 50 km 40 km 30 km 20 km Footprints for a Stratospheric platform over the Beaufort Sea with: elevation = 0° and altitude = {20, 30, 40, 50} km

Stratospheric Ground Footprints For an altitude of 50 km, the radius of the ground footprint decreases rapidly as the elevation angle (i.e., the apparent position of the platform above the observer’s horizon) increases from 0° to 20°.

Stratospheric Ground Footprints Elevation 0 ° 5 ° 10 ° 15 ° 20 ° Footprints for a Stratospheric platform over the Beaufort Sea with: elevation (el) = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20}° and altitude = 50 km

Stratospheric Compared to LEO LEO (500 km) LEO (200 km) Strat (50 km) Footprints for platforms over the Beaufort Sea with elevation = 0°

Stratosphere as a LEO Connector Using a stratospheric platform at 50 km altitude to connect to a satellite in LEO extends the effective ground footprint in a way that, for LEO altitudes, mimics the ground footprint of a satellite at much higher altitude.

Stratospheric Combined with LEO LEO (500 km) Strat (50 km) Footprints for platforms (Strat, LEO, and Combined) over the Beaufort Sea with elevation = 0°

Stratospheric Mesh Network Footprints for seven Stratospheric platforms at altitude = 50 km and with elevation = 0°

The Stratosphere as a Solution Domain Leverage small satellite technologies Potential solution technologies: GPS augmentation Cooperative, tiered, alternate PNT Distributive timing Communications gateway IAMD sensing and tracking Regional data connectivity, to include unattended sensors Rapid augmentation and interim reconstitution of space-based capabilities