Superfund Sites: Summary of Oak Ridge East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) and Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Ohio

Acronyms BORCE – Black Oak Ridge Conservation Easement D&D – Decommissioning and Decontamination ETTP – East Tennessee Technology Park GDP – Gross Domestic Product OREM – Oak Ridge Environmental Management ORNL – Oak Ridge National Laboratory PAHs – Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PCB – Polychlorinated biphenyl RCRA – Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ROD – Record of Decision TCE – Trichloroethylene UCOR – URS | CH2M Oak Ridge USDOE / DOE – United States Department of Energy VOCs – Volatile Organic Compounds

What is Superfund? “In response to hazardous waste from manufacturing facilities, processing plants, landfills, and mining sites, congress established the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) in 1980.     CERCLA is informally called Superfund. It allows EPA to clean up contaminated sites. It also forces the parties responsible for the contamination to either perform cleanups or reimburse the government for EPA-led cleanup work. Superfund’s goals are to: Protect human health and the environment by cleaning up polluted sites; Make responsible parties pay for cleanup work; Involve communities in the Superfund process; and Return Superfund sites to productive use.” Source: https://www.epa.gov/superfund/what-superfund Source: https://www.epa.gov/superfund/what-superfund

Oak Ridge Reservation (USDOE) – ETTP Oak Ridge, TN Background/History 2,200-acres Home to WWII Manhattan Project K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant and other facilities in the processes for enriched uranium Enriched Uranium was produced by the plant for commercial nuclear power industry from 1945 to 1985 1987 – DOE terminated uranium enrichment operations, leaving ETTP with a legacy of contaminated buildings, soil, sediment, and groundwater that require remediation for the protection of human health and the environment Cleanup Challenges Contaminated buildings, soil, sediment, and groundwater from over 40 years of uranium enrichment Shallow groundwater contaminants: plumes containing VOCs; radionuclide technetium-99, TCE Construction debris and contaminated soils include elevated PAHs, selenium, chromium, mercury, PCBs, and lead Asbestos-containing material and metal debris remain buried onsite Source: https://www.energy.gov/orem/cleanup-sites/east-tennessee-technology-park View of ETTP before demolition Source: Covenant Deferral Request – For the proposed title transfer of selected access portals and roads at the East Tennessee Technology Park, Oak Ridge, Tennessee – Draft for public review January 2018 Source: ETTP Zone 1 ROD Source: 2017 Remediation Effectiveness Report for the U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Vision 2020 Innovation Growth Transportation ETTP is close to national security, science, and energy research assets at ORNL and Y-12 Growth More than 20 businesses currently call ETTP home, ranging from offices to manufacturing and warehouse tenants The vision for ETTP Source: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f51/vision%202020.pdf Transportation The Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority is working with community partners to develop a general aviation airport at ETTP Environmental Conservation The BORCE at ETTP is a 3,000 acre tract that provides habitat for endangered songbirds and recreational opportunities for the public .

1000+ acres have been transferred 800 acres are ready for transfer Cleanup Progress: Torn down 400+ facilities “By 2020, workers will have taken down more than 500 facilities with a footprint spanning 113 football fields.” 1000+ acres have been transferred 800 acres are ready for transfer OREM has transferred 14 buildings, emergency services, rail lines, most of the domestic water supply and sanitary sewer infrastructure, and completed modifications to most electrical infrastructure allowing for transfer Source: https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/oak-ridge-em-clears-way-ettp-economic-development Current view of ETTP – progress after demolition

Recent Completions (May 2018) The Central Neutralization Facility demolition Workers have finished the demolition project of the central Neutralization Facility, which once treated the sites' industrial waste water, five weeks ahead of schedule. Constructed in mid-1980s to treat wastewater from operations at the former uranium enrichment complex, the facility consisted of tanks, trailers, and other treatment systems used to filter and remove radioactive materials, metals, and suspended solids from wastewater at the site. Source: https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/oak-ridge-crews-complete-demolition-central-neutralization-facility

Recent Completions (April 2018) Removal of more that 4 miles of piping at ETTP OREM and UCOR finished removing more than 25,000 feet of piping at ETTP that once transported uranium through a series of buildings during the enrichment process Crews disassembled, packaged, and shipped the tie lines for disposal Source: https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/em-removes-more-4-miles-piping-oak-ridge-site

Investing in ETTP “Visitors who return to the site are amazed at the transformation.” Companies investing in its future: LeMond Composites recently located in the area with plans to begin carbon fiber production this year MCLinc is renewing its commitment with the construction of a new 30,000 sq-ft lab facility. UniTech Services Group funded the refurbishment of ETTP’s barge area to receive and transport shipments using local river systems, adding to the site’s existing offerings and infrastructure. Source: https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/oak-ridge-em-clears-way-ettp-economic-development One of the positive initiatives of this cleanup is investment. OREM noted “Visitors who return to the site are amazed at the transformation.” and companies are starting to invest in its future. MCLinc - Materials and Chemical Laboratory inc. is a commercial applied research company providing high quality consulting and analytic testing for industrial forensics, materials characterization, environmental chemistry, and process optimization. http://mcl-inc.com/ Nearly 20 companies to date are already located at the site.

Next Steps for ETTP OREM is scheduled to finish demolition of remaining structures including support buildings, a waste incinerator facility, and former waste treatment facilities. Construction has begun on the K-25 History Center, part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park

Supporting East Tennessee Overall spending by OREM and its contractors added ~$545M to Tennessee's GDP in FY14, including more than $422M in Anderson, Roane, and Knox Counties ~ 6,200 full-time jobs were created in FY14 of which ~4,800 were in Anderson, Roane, and Knox Counties Operations and activities generated ~$317M in total personal income in FY14; $278M in three-county region Source: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1801/ML18019A923.pdf

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (USDOE) Piketon, Ohio Why Portsmouth? Built 1952 – 1956 y U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (Now USDOE) Enriched Uranium by Gaseous Diffusion process from 1954 – 2001 Cold War (1954-1989): Nuclear Defense Post Cold War(1989-2001): Commercial Nuclear Power Cleanup(2001-current): Decontamination and Decommissioning, Reuse Cleanup Challenges: The main contaminants contributing to excess lifetime cancer risks and hazards in waste include: degreasing solvent (TCE); heavy metals such as chromium and mercury; PCBs (from electrical transformer oils and ductwork gaskets); radioactive elements, particularly uranium and technetium-99; and asbestos in building materials. Source: https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx Search Full Text Search “Cleanup Progress” Last Page Doc Date: 1/24/2017 – Public Meeting Materials https://www.energy.gov/pppo/portsmouth-site/portsmouth-environmental-cleanup The Environmental Cleanup Program was established by DOE in 1989 to identify, control, and remediate environmental contamination at the Portsmouth site. The goal is to take actions to ensure protection of human health and the environment. The Environmental Cleanup Program supports site investigations, environmental response actions, and decontamination and demolition of inactive facilities.

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (USDOE) Piketon, Ohio Cleanup Progress: Groundwater Cleanup 681 million gallons treated / 35,000 pounds of TCE removed Landfills and Lagoons Closed Five landfills containing construction debris, low‐level contaminated scrap metal, hazardous materials, sanitary wastes A number of sludge lagoons, impoundments and oil biodegradation plots Waste Removed More than 2.8 million cubic feet of waste removed and disposed off‐site 98.8% RCRA waste reduction Demolition and Removal of Facilities 40 buildings and facilities have been removed X-326, X-333 Deactivation On Site Waste Disposal Facility Construction

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (USDOE) Piketon, Ohio Listening to the Community – PORTSFuture Grant-funded study by Ohio University Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs 15-month public participation process in Pike, Scioto, Ross, and Jackson counties to identify the community’s future-use preferences for the Portsmouth site post-cleanup 1,141 people voted on future-use scenarios Most votes: Nuclear power plant Green energy production Industrial park National research and development Source: https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx Search Full Text Search “Cleanup Progress” Last Page Doc Date: 1/24/2017 – Public Meeting Materials

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (USDOE) Piketon, Ohio The End Goal “DOE’s mission at Portsmouth is to accomplish Environmental Remediation, Waste Management, Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride (DUF6) Conversion, and Decontamination and Decommissioning. DOE’s goal is to accelerate cleanup, eliminating potential environmental threats, reducing the DOE footprint, and reducing life-cycle cost.” Source: https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx Search Full Text Search “Cleanup Progress” Last Page Doc Date: 1/24/2017 – Public Meeting Materials

Uranium Barter at Portsmouth Unique program sells DOE’s stockpile of Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) on the open market for use in nuclear power plants. All proceeds are used to fund the Portsmouth D&D project Generated more than $1 billion for the project since beginning Positive Aspects: Good uses of DOE assets Minimizes impact to the tax payer Dispositions DOE’s Inventory of UF6 which benefits site cleanup Negative Aspects: Market volatility causes budget issues at Portsmouth Finite inventory Source: https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx Search Full Text Search “Cleanup Progress” Last Page Doc Date: 1/24/2017 – Public Meeting Materials

Next Steps for Portsmouth Cut open 33-ton steel components to remove internal material More than 1,700 components known as converters must be removed between two of the three major process buildings (X-333 and X-330) Continue operations of groundwater treatment facilities Cleanup groundwater and to continue disposition of uranium materials Remove stored low-level and mixed waste streams contaminated with hazardous or toxic chemicals Continue deactivation activities of various buildings Source: https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/em-partners-usw-use-high-tech-large-scale-dismantling-portsmouth Picture: Robotic arm equipment workers are training with to prepare for removing components formerly used to enrich uranium. The key strategies for the Portsmouth site are to continue operations of groundwater treatment facilities in support of installed remedies to cleanup groundwater and to continue disposition of excess uranium materials and remove stored low-level and mixed waste streams contaminated with hazardous or toxic chemicals. Portsmouth will also continue deactivation activities of various buildings. Robotic arm equipment workers are training with to prepare for removing components formerly used to enrich uranium.

Supporting Southern Ohio Through the Joint Economic Development Initiative of Southern Ohio (JEDISO) the $855K in Fluor-BWXT| Portsmouth business opportunity grants has led to $5.5M in matching dollars, which generated $186M in investments creating 830 jobs and retaining an additional 5,155 Jobs. Southern Ohio Diversification Initiative (SODI) has requested an 80-acre parcel for potential reindustrialization. Source: https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx Search Full Text Search “Cleanup Progress” Last Page Doc Date: 1/24/2017 – Public Meeting Materials Source: https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx

References https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f51/vision%202020.pdf https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/OREM%20overview.pdf https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1801/ML18019A923.pdf https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/em-removes-more-4-miles-piping-oak-ridge-site https://www.epa.gov/superfund/what-superfund https://www.energy.gov/orem/cleanup-sites/east-tennessee-technology-park https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/oak-ridge-em-clears-way-ettp-economic-development https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/oak-ridge-crews-complete-demolition-central-neutralization-facility https://portsmoutheic.com/Default.aspx https://www.energy.gov/pppo/portsmouth-site https://www.energy.gov/pppo/portsmouth-site/portsmouth-environmental-cleanup http://www.ucor.com/_docs/factsheets/ettp_fact_sheet.pdf https://www.energy.gov/em/articles/em-partners-usw-use-high-tech-large-scale-dismantling-portsmouth Covenant Deferral Request – For the proposed title transfer of selected access portals and roads at the East Tennessee Technology Park, Oak Ridge, Tennessee – Draft for public review January 2018 ETTP Zone 1 ROD 2017 Remediation Effectiveness Report for the U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Content of Concern Secondary Onsite Disposal Facility Key Findings from FY14 (see source below): Spending by OREM and its contractors would add ~$1.3B to Tennessee’s State GDP over the life of the project. ~$1B to accrue to Anderson, Roane, and Knox counties. OREM activities for the project would generate ~$695M in total personal income in Tennessee's; of which $609M would go to the three-county region Cumulative annual employment (job years) over the life of the project is estimated to reach 6,800. ~5,700 of those jobs are to be filled in Anderson, Roane, and Knox counties. Spending by OREM and its contractors would generate ~$54M in sales tax revenue in Tennessee; ~$50M in tax revenues in Anderson, Roane, and Knox counties. Slide of concern Documented from FY14 no recent updates have been found Findings from analysis may not be realized or match predictions. Source: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1801/ML18019A923.pdf