Introduction to Research Involving Human Subjects & the IRB at Florida Hospital Presented by Janice Turchin, IRB Manager Florida Hospital Institutional Review Board

Regulations and Oversight Why Does Research Need to be Regulated? What is IRB Oversight

Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) Milgram’s Studies (1960’s) Trigger Events The Nazi Experiments Concentration Camps WWII Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) Infamous research to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis Milgram’s Studies (1960’s) Obedience Experiments – Participants believed they were delivering “electrical shocks”

Johns Hopkins: A Cautionary Tale 2001 Healthy volunteer dies following participation in trial. Multiple failures on part of Medical School and Investigator. Johns Hopkins entire research program temporarily shut down. Criminal and Civil prosecutions.

Havasupai Indians and the Challenge of Informed Consent for Genomic Research Dispute between Arizona State University and the Havasupai Indians over the allegedly improper research use of DNA from members of the tribe Research a gene variant that might be contributing to the increasing rate of diabetes in the tribe. Research proved to be unfruitful. Blood was used for other research purposes including searching tribe members DNA for variants linked to schizophrenia. Rights of research subjects can be violated when they are not fully informed about how their DNA might be used. $700,000 Settlement

Ethical Milestones Nuremberg Code 1947 (Human consent is essential.) National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects Biomedical & Behavioral 1974 (First bioethical commission to shape Human Subjects Research.) Belmont Report 1978 Common Rule 1991

Respect for Persons (“Be courteous”) The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, April 18, 1979 Respect for Persons (“Be courteous”) People should be autonomous and not used as a means to an end. Allow informed choice where participants can choose for themselves. Provide additional protections for those who need it. Derived concepts: Informed consent, Respect for privacy. Beneficence (“Do good”) We are obligated to protect persons from harm by clearly identifying and maximizing anticipated benefits while minimizing possible risks of harm. Derived concepts: Good research design, Competent investigators, Favorable risk/benefit analysis. Justice (“Be fair.”) Requires that the benefits and burdens of research be distributed fairly. Derived concepts: Equitable selection of subjects.

Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46 “The Common Rule” A federal policy regarding Human Subjects Protections that applies to 17 Federal agencies and offices. Subpart A: Outlines the requirements for: assuring compliance by research institutions (Federalwide Assurance [FWA]); obtaining and documenting informed consent; IRB membership, function, operations, review of research, and record keeping. Subparts B, C, D - Outline protections for vulnerable populations – Pregnant Women/Fetuses/Neonates, Prisoners, Children, respectively.

Food & Drug Administration (FDA) Human Research Regulations 21 CFR 11 Electronic Records/Signatures 21 CFR 50 Protection of Human Subjects 21 CFR 56 Institutional Review Boards 21 CFR 312 Investigational New Drug Application 21 CFR 312 Investigational Device Exemptions ETC, ETC, ETC i.e. Licensing, Biological Products, Premarket Approval of Devices . . . .

HIPAA – Privacy Rule for Research FH IRB acts as the “Privacy Board” for research Patient Authorization – IRB Consent form template includes HIPAA authorization Waiver of HIPAA Authorization – Retrospective chart reviews

What are Enforcement Options? Suspension or termination of Institution Oversight Suspension or termination of PI Criminal penalties Fines and civil penalties Loss of funding X

Research Regulation is Needed How do we regulate Human Subjects research at Florida Hospital?

Institutional Review Board - IRB Federal wide Assurance (FWA) FH has negotiated with the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) that all of the institution’s human subject research activities, regardless of funding, will be guided by the Belmont Report, will comply with the Common Rule, and other regulations as applicable. The purpose of an IRB is to review research involving human subjects to ensure their rights and welfare are adequately protected. Board consists of physicians, nurses, community members (i.e. clergy and study participants), non-scientists.

Authority & Responsibilities - IRB Federal Wide Assurance (FWA) Assist and guide researchers to help protect the rights of human subjects Charged with safeguarding the rights and welfare of human subjects Review all research studies involving human subjects under the Florida Hospital auspices. Audit research studies. Report, as required, unanticipated problems involving risks to subjects or others; non-compliance; suspensions and termination to: Sponsor OHRP Office of Human Research Protection FDA

What do I do if I want to do research at Florida Hospital?

What is Human Subjects Research? Meets federal definition of “research” Systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge + Meets definition of “human subject(s)” The investigator will gather data about living individuals through intervention or interaction OR The investigator will gather data about living individuals that is private AND identifiable.

IRB Review of Research All research projects are categorized into one of three categories for the IRB review process. Each category is different in the level of scrutiny and submission procedures. The IRB is responsible for making the final decision of which category a research project falls under. Full Board Review Expedited Exempt Not sure if your research fits the definition of Research? Call IRB Office / Complete Determination Form

Criteria for IRB Approval Risks are Minimized (Consistent with a sound research design and does not unnecessarily expose subjects to risk) Risks are Reasonable in Relation to Benefits Selection of Subjects is Equitable Informed Consent will be Sought for Each Prospective Subject Informed Consent will Be Documented Research Plan Adequately Provides for Monitoring the Data Collected to Ensure Safety of the Subjects Research Plan Adequately Protects the Privacy of Subjects and Maintains Confidentiality When some or all of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, additional safeguards need to be included in the protocol to protect the rights and welfare of these subjects.

Levels of review- Exempt (reviewed by Chair or IRB designated member) Minimal risk and fit into an “Exempt” category Surveys or interviews UNLESS identifiers are recorded AND any disclosure of responses could reasonably place the subjects at risk Collection of existing data or specimens IF the information is recorded in such a manner that subjects cannot be identified (directly or indirectly)

Levels of review- Expedited (reviewed by Chair or IRB designated member) Minimal risk and fit into an “Expedited” category Document review – Retrospective chart reviews Surveys or interviews Collection of specimens Routine noninvasive procedures

Minimal Risk Definition Minimal risk is the probability and magnitude of physical or psychological harm that is normally encountered in the daily lives, or in the routine medical, dental, or psychological examination of healthy persons.

Full Board Protocol Review Protocols which are more than minimal risk PI is invited to meeting to present study and clarify IRB concerns FH IRB meets twice a month The Full Board has the authority to: Approve Require modifications prior to approval Table until major issues are clarified Disapprove all research activities including proposed changes in previously approved human subject research.

Advice for Common Errors with IRB Submissions Forms - Go to IRBNet Library for each new submission Templates to help Credentials – Ensure study team has completed requirements CITI training CV Volunteer descriptions Review protocol and consent form for clarity Be clear about study processes/procedures Content - Ensure all documents match in regards to study plans Thorough Review – obtain review from others not affiliated with study

IRB Classes IRB 101 HIPAA For more information: checkout our calendar on the IRB Website. Stay tuned for new classes/lunch & learns. Let us know what you are interested in knowing more about.

On Your Road to Research, don’t think of Compliance as . . . . .

On Your Road to Research . . . . .

Questions?

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