Urban Charter Schools IMPACT in Florida March 2015

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Impact Research Questions This impact study answers the following questions: How does the academic progress of charter school students compare to their traditional public school (TPS) counterparts in Florida? We examine: Total average academic growth for all charter students relative to TPS Average academic growth for charter school students for separate time periods Charter school student growth by elementary / middle / high school grade levels Charter school student growth by prior year academic achievement Charter school student growth by the major student subgroups Charter school student growth by the number of years student continuously attended charter schools For the group of charter schools in Fort Myers, Jacksonville, Miami, Orlando, Saint Petersburg, Tampa and West Palm Beach, how do they perform compared to their peer schools in the same community?

A Quick Word About Methods Charter school students may be different than a typical student in TPS, so care is needed in testing their learning gains. We use a “Virtual Twin” approach to match each charter school’s students to TPS students who look just like them drawn from the TPS schools that have lost students to the charter school. A Technical Appendix provides a full explanation of our research methodology.

A Quick Word About Methods Unlike other recent CREDO studies, this study does not include a conversion of effect sizes to days of learning. As the days of learning computation is based on the national NAEP scores, it would not be appropriate to apply it to the limited regional samples which almost certainly DO NOT progress at the same rate as the national population.

Understanding the Slides Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Urban Region– There are two growth values for reading. The left is for TPS students and the right for Charter students There are also two growth values for math. As before, the left is for TPS students and the right for Charter students These are the marginal effects of charter enrollment. The left is for reading and the right for math. This graph looks at the difference between the charter and TPS growth values. 0.03 – 0.08 - 0.05 -0.01 – 0.05 - 0.06 Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth To compute the difference, we take the Charter growth value minus the TPS growth value for each subject.

FORT MYERS Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Fort Myers Multi-level students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007. ‡ There were not enough Fort Myers students enrolled in charters for 4 years in Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Fort Myers Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-ELL TPS Growth Average ELL TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Fort Myers English Language Learners in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Fort Myers – ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Fort Myers retained students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

JACKSONVILLE Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Jacksonville Multi-level students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Jacksonville Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Jacksonville– ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth

MIAMI Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Miami Multi-level students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Miami Asian students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Miami Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-ELL TPS Growth Average ELL TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Miami – ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth

ORLANDO Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007. ‡ There were not enough Fort Myers students enrolled in charters for 4 years in Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Orlando Asian students in Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Orlando Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-ELL TPS Growth Average ELL TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Orlando – ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth

ST. PETERSBURG Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough St. Petersburg Multi-level students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough St. Petersburg Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-ELL TPS Growth Average ELL TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough St. Petersburg English Language Learners in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in St. Petersburg– ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth

TAMPA Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007. ‡ There were not enough Tampa students enrolled in charters for 4 years in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Tampa Asian students in Reading to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough Tampa Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-ELL TPS Growth Average ELL TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in Tampa – ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth

WEST PALM BEACH Results

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS Average TPS Growth Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS by Growth Period Average TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS by Gradespan Average Elementary TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough West Palm Beach Middle School students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS by Years of Charter School Enrollment Average TPS Growth This analysis includes only students who entered a charter school after 2006-2007.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL WHITE STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average White TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL ASIAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Asian TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Native American TPS Growth ‡ There were not enough West Palm Beach Native American students in Reading or Math to compute an effect size.

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL BLACK STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Black TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS Average White TPS Growth Average Hispanic TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS ELIGIBLE FOR FREE / REDUCED PRICE LUNCH Average Non-Poverty TPS Growth Average TPS in Poverty Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL BLACK STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White, Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL HISPANIC STUDENTS in POVERTY Average White Non-Poverty TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Average Non-ELL TPS Growth Average ELL TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS with SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS Average Non-SPED TPS Growth Average SPED TPS Growth

Student-Level Results Average Academic Growth for Charter School students relative to performance of Virtual Twins in Traditional Public Schools in West Palm Beach – ALL STUDENTS WHO WERE RETAINED IN PRIOR YEAR Average Non-Retained TPS Growth Average Retained TPS Growth