PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar 11/10/2018 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar WEEK 3 SYSTEMATIC External Aspect ICAS Jakarta 2003

Last Week SYSTEMATICS Science as it seen by a scientist Explicit Aspects Objects Structure Character Methods Processes ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2003

SYSTEMATICS Science as seen by non-scientist External Aspects Goals Function Contexts Originnon ICAS Jakarta 2003

Goals of Science Discovering the regularities in nature for manipulating the natural phenomena and conquering the natural limitations to raise the welfare of humankind ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2003 4

Function of Science Interpretation Explanation Description Control ICAS Jakarta 2003

Contexts of Science Material Sociological Context Technology Economy Ideological Cultural Context Philosophy Ideology ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2003 6

The Origin of Modern Science ICAS Jakarta 2003

The ancients Mythological Egypt Logical Greek Plato: dodecahedral universe Aristotle: geocentric spheres Democritus: atom & void Ptolemy: circular orbits ICAS Jakarta 2003

Mythical Creation of the Universe ICAS Jakarta 2003

Plato (427-347 BC ) on the Universe Universe is a perfect organism without organs Demiurge selects as the basic corpuscles (sômata, “bodies”) four of the five regular solids: the tetrahedron for fire, the octahedron for air, the icosahedron for water, and the cube for earth To create universe The remaining regular solid, the dodecahedron, is “used for the universe as a whole,” ICAS Jakarta 2003

Aristotle’s Universe The universe as a hierarchy of concentric sphere The etherial sphere is the abode of stars ICAS Jakarta 2003

Democritus (460–370 BC) There are two fundamentally different kinds of realities composing the natural world, infinity of indivisible atoms and infinite void. ICAS Jakarta 2003

Ptolemy (85-126): Geocentric universe ICAS Jakarta 2003

Renaissance Pre Galilean : naked eye astronomy Giodarno Bruno: infinite space Tycho Brahe: bicentric universe Nicolas Copernicus: heliocentric universe Johannes Kepler: non-circular orbit Galileo Galilei: Invention of telescope Milky Way: collection of stars Parabolic projectile motion ICAS Jakarta 2003

Giodarno Bruno (1548-1600) Wrote the book De l'infinito, universo e mondi, 1584 ICAS Jakarta 2003

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) ICAS Jakarta 2003

Johannes Kepler (1571 –1630) ICAS Jakarta 2003

Copernicus (1473 –1543) Revolution ICAS Jakarta 2003

Before Galileo Nicolo Tartaglia ICAS Jakarta 2003

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) ICAS Jakarta 2003

17th Century Isaac Newton (1643 – 1712) Newtonian Synthesis: with his 3 Laws of Motion 1 Law of Gravitation he derived the Kepler Laws of elliptic planetary motion Galileo parabolic projectile motion ICAS Jakarta 2003

A Clockwork Universe An orrery (a mechanical model of the Solar System) can be taken as a metaphor for the clockwork Universe of Newtonian mechanics ICAS Jakarta 2003

The Origin 1 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift) Organismic Aristotlean Physics Universe is living organism Universe is geocentric Matter is continuous Space is finite Time is cyclic Mechanical Newtonian Physics Universe is dead machine Universe is heliocentric Matter is atomic Space is infinite Time is linear ICAS Jakarta 2003

The Origin 2 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift) Organismic Aristotlean Physics Motion is explained Stability is natural Motion is caused by force The origin of force is the Prime Mover There are 4 kinds of causes Mechanical Newtonian Physics Motion is described Inertial motion is natural Change of speed and direction caused by force The origin of force is other material objects The efficient cause is the only cause ICAS Jakarta 2003 ICAS Jakarta 2010

Impact of Newtonian Mechanics The mechanism paradigm then expanded to the life and social sciences Biology: mechanism of evolution Sociology: mechanism of government Psychology: psychic defence mechanism Economy: free market mechanism ICAS Jakarta 2003