Pick one of the three scenarios Pick one of the three scenarios. Discuss with your partner at least three systems needed for the action. A person running a marathon begins to cramp. A student taking a test starts to feel anxiety (stress). A child steps on a nail and their foot begins to swell. WARM UP

Endocrine and Reproductive Systems 11/10/2018 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Animal Systems: Reproduction

It also controls many of your body’s daily activities 11/10/2018 Endocrine System: Function: The endocrine system long-term changes in the body such as growth and development. It is made up of that release their products into the bloodstream. It also controls many of your body’s daily activities regulates glands

ENDOCRINE GLANDS endocrine endocrine gland 11/10/2018 ENDOCRINE GLANDS The system is made up of a group of organs, called endocrine glands. An produces and releases chemical substances directly into the bloodstream that signal changes in other parts of the body. Ex: pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid etc. endocrine endocrine gland

Gland  an organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion. 11/10/2018 Gland  an organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion. Pituitary gland: controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth rate, reproduction, and metabolism. 2. Thymus gland – Hormones released by the thymus gland help the immune system develop during childhood. By adolescence, this gland has shrunk considerably in size

11/10/2018 3. Adrenal glands – These glands release several hormones such as adrenaline (aka ephinephrine), which triggers the body’s response to sudden stress (fight or flight). Other hormones affect salt and water balance in the kidneys and general metabolism 4. Pineal gland – releases a substance involved in rhythmic activities, such as the sleep-wake cycle

11/10/2018 5. Thyroid gland - regulates the body’s overall metabolic rate and controls calcium levels in the bloodstream 6. Pancreas - a large gland, located behind the stomach, that controls sugar levels in the blood (insulin)

11/10/2018 7. Ovary - The female reproductive glands release sex hormones that regulate egg maturation and control changes in a female’s body at puberty (estrogen, progesterone) 8. Testis - The male reproductive glands release a sex hormone that regulates sperm production and controls changes in a male’s body at puberty (testosterone)

11/10/2018 Hormones Definition: chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body. You can think of a hormone as a chemical messenger. The endocrine system is kept in balance by the coordinated action of various hormones.

The Endocrine system working with other body systems… Nervous System: Hormones provide feedback to the brain to affect neural processing. Reproductive System: hormone production for sexual development to make offspring Muscular and Skeletal System: endocrine system controls the growth of both bone and muscles Immune System: the development is controlled by the endocrine system Digestive System: The endocrine system controls the rate of metabolism

Reproductive System: Purpose: 11/10/2018 Reproductive System: Purpose: The reproductive system combines genetic information from both parents (in most animals) to produce new life forms. This system produces sex cells (gametes), delivers them, and protects a developing fetus until birth (Gestation).

Comparing Reproductive Systems Asexual Sexual One parent. the offspring tend to have the same genotype and phenotype as the parent. Fusion of two gametes. Sperm and eggs are may be produced by the same individual or by different individuals. Introduces genetic variation! Examples: Fragmentation of flatworms. Cnidarians undergo budding. Example: Vertebrates

REMINDER Gametes: Specialized sex cells (sperm and egg)

Gametes What process is responsible for creating gametes in males and females? Meiosis

Comparative Reproductive Systems In most animals, individuals are either definite males or females; however some species are hermaphrodites. This is when one organism produces both egg and sperm. Example: earthworms and garden snails

Female Parts of Reproductive System Ovaries: produce female gametes (ova or egg). Fallopian tubes: transport egg to uterus (=oviduct). Uterus: organ where fertilized egg (embryo) develops. Vagina: birth canal. Placenta: serves for gas exchange and metabolic products with mother. Umbilical cord: attaches embryo to placenta. Amniotic fluid: keeps the embryo moist and protected.

Male Parts of Reproductive System Testis: produces male gametes (sperm). Urethra: carries sperm to penis. Penis: external sex organ, delivers sperm to female.

Two Major Mechanisms of Fertilization External Fertilization Used by many aquatic invertebrates. Eggs and sperm are simultaneously shed into the water, and the sperm swim through the water to fertilize the egg. Internal Fertilization The eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female. Fertilized eggs are then covered with egg shells and/or remain within the body of the female during their development.

The Reproductive system working with other body systems… Nervous System: Reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior. The brain controls mating behavior Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands produce hormones (ovary and testis)

Average Gestation Period Fun Facts Seahorse reproduction is unusual because the male is the one that becomes pregnant. Seahorses are monogamous and will only mate with one partner. Clownfish can change gender. If the female dies, the male will change sex and become the female. The only mammals to lay eggs are the platypus and the echidna. The mothers nurse their babies through pores in their skin. A baby platypus remains blind after birth for 11 weeks. A baby octopus is about the size of a flea when it is born. Gestation periods (period of time between fertilization and birth) vary from one animal to the next. Animal Average Gestation Period Elephant 624 days (~2 years) Horse 336 days (~11 months) Human 266 days (~9 months) Pig 115 days (~4 months) Rat 21 days (less than a month)

Clown fish inhabit a single sea anemone in groups that include the breeding male and female and a number of younger male clown fish. All clown fish are born male and develop female reproductive organs when needed. When the female in the sea anemone group dies, the dominant male becomes female and breeds with one the males that is inhabiting the same sea anemone.