Team RS Exam Revision 2018 The Notes Further Summarised War and Peace All You Need Too Know

War and Peace: Introduction: Key Ideas War is armed conflict between groups. Causes death, illness, damage to families/ environment. Pacifism: Violence is never justified and peace, well-being, harmony and happiness promoted. United Nations formed in 1945 so countries resolve problems peacefully. Reasons for war: Land/Territory/Greed, Resources, Self-Defence, Removal of a dictator, Justice/Unfairness, Revenge, Rich countries wanted more. Charities such as Christian Aid, Muslim Aid, Caritas and Islamic Belief help the victims of war and promote justice to eliminate causes of war. Long Term/ Short Term Aid. They help refugees. Caritas provided food for Syrian refugees in 2015. Muslim Aid set up an orphanage in Turkey to help children from Syria. Conflict less likely if there is Justice. Prayer/meditation can help inner peace. The Poppy Appeal and Help For Heroes help victims of war. Protest is the expression of disapproval. Eg Martin Luther King. Legal in UK. Violence illegal/wrong. If protest involves a march police notified 6 days before. Reconciliation means making peace with enemies or “winning the peace” to quote French minister L. Fabius. Terrorism is the use of violence/threat of violence for religious/political purposes. Evil. Illegal. Against religion. Nuclear weapons of mass destruction: Works by nuclear reaction. 60-80,000 die at Hiroshima plus 140,000 afterwards. Said to bring war to an end. We have nuclear weapons because of deterrence. Chemical weapons: Used in Syria and Iraq. Poison and burn environment. Illegal. Biological: Use living organisms/ bacteria/viruses, infective material. Spread through food/water.

Christian and Muslim Arguments For War Christianity: Just War Theory: 1. Just Cause (self defence / defence of another country) 2. Declared by proper/ lawful authority (UN?) 3. Good intention – do good 4. War is a last resort after diplomacy (talking) 5. Good chance of success 6. Proportionality: Only use as much force as is necessary. Muslims believe in Lesser Jihad. These are the SAME rules as Just War Theory so repeat them but Muslims add : 1. Peace when the enemy wants it 2. Torture forbidden 3. Environment / religious buildings/animals not harmed 4. Help other Muslims. Abu Bakr (first Muslim leader or caliph) backed this up. Christianity and Islam: “Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” (Found in Qur’an and Bible). Muhammad fought in self-defence when Makkah attacked him in Madinah. Holy War is fighting for a religious cause when Islam is attacked and Muslims not free to worship. It is declared by a proper religious ruler. Christians also have believed in holy war declared by a proper religious authority, Islam Quotes: “Allah will reward those who fight” (Qur’an 4 and 22) “But do not overstep limits.” (Qur’an 2). “Make your response proportionate” (Qur’an 16) “if you are attacked.” (Qur’an 22). Just War and Lesser Jihad against Terrorism and Nuclear War.

Christian and Muslim Arguments Against War/For Pacifism Christianity and Islam: Show Forgiveness or grace/ mercy pardoning wrong doer. All human life sacred and created by God. Christianity: “Do not kill” (10 Commandments, Exodus 20). The Prophet Isaiah: God will ban weapons and create peace. “Do not pay evil for evil. Be peaceful.” (St Paul, Romans 12). Christianity: Jesus’ Quotes: “Blessed be the peacemakers…Love your enemies…turn the other cheek” (Matthew 5). “Love your neighbour” (Mark 12). “Those who live by the sword will die by the sword.” (Matthew 26). Christianity: Martin Luther King was a pacifist. The Anglican Peace Fellowship and Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament works for peace. Mairead Corrigan lead peace marches in Northern Ireland. Islam: The Muslim Peace Fellowship works for peace. The word Islam means peace. Muslims greet each other with “Peace be with you.” Islam: Qur’an Quotes: “Paradise is for those who forgive” (Qur’an 3) “Let there be no force in religion.” (Qur’an 2) “Anyone who offers peace should not be refused” (Qur’an 8). “Allah calls us to the home of peace” (Qur’an 10). “Do not take life which Allah has made sacred.” (Qur’an 17). “Whoever saved a life it would be as if he saved the life of a whole people.” (Qur’an 5). “If you kill each other you will go to hell” (Qur’an 4) “Be peaceful when people are aggressive.” (Qur’an 25). “Forgiveness is one of the greatest things.” (Qur’an 4) “Do not contribute to your destruction with your hands.” (Qur’an 2) Islam: Muhammad said forgiveness was the best response. Muhammad said the evil of war is swift and its taste bitter.

Which word best expresses the religious ideal that there should be no violence in the world? [1] Which one of the following is not a reason for war? Self-defence/Greed/Retaliation/Forgiveness. (1) Which one of the following most accurately means a violent protest? Demonstration/ Riot/Strife/ March. (1) Give TWO reasons for war. (2) Give TWO ways in which religious believers help victims of war. [2] Give TWO religious beliefs that show that violence is wrong (2). Explain TWO similar religious beliefs about pacifism. (4) Give TWO different beliefs in contemporary British society about whether countries should possess weapons of pass destruction (4). Explain TWO contrasting beliefs in contemporary British society about weapons of mass destruction (nuclear weapons). (4) Explain TWO religious beliefs about justice. (5) Explain TWO religious beliefs about helping the victims of war (5). Explain TWO reasons why religious believers should help the victims of war. (5) Explain TWO religious beliefs about forgiveness. (5) ‘War is never right.’ Evaluate this statement. (12) ‘There are no good reasons for countries to possess nuclear weapons.’ Evaluate this statement. (12) The Just War Theory is the best religious response to whether it is right to fight. Evaluate this statement (12). The best way to bring about world peace is for more individuals to become pacifists. Evaluate this statement (12).