Youth drug harm In Waikato DHB 2016 Youth drug harm Waikato DHB 2016

Do a search of what data is available on drug use Waikato DHB youth Aim Do a search of what data is available on drug use Waikato DHB youth Develop a picture of ‘other’ drug harm impacting on young people in Waikato DHB DHB and TLA level (if possible) National and regional data

Coromandel Youth Survey 2015: Waitomo Youth Survey 2015: Data Youth2012 survey- AUT Coromandel Youth Survey 2015: Waitomo Youth Survey 2015: Emergency departments (ED) visits, Waikato DHB National and local data. Available Local data. Available Local and regional. Available

2012 National Youth Health & Wellbeing Survey Waikato DHB 2016

Youth’12 2014 report “Problem substance use among New Zealand secondary school students: Findings from the Youth’12 national youth health and wellbeing survey. By the University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Nationwide NZ: n= 8,065, Waikato Region n= 558 Secondary school students

in secondary school students Youth’12 Marijuana use in secondary school students

Trend over time - 2001-2012 Youth’12 The proportion who has ever smoked marijuana decreased for both males and females from around 40% in 2001 to 25% in 2012 In 2012, 4.5% of males, and 2% of females use marijuana weekly or more often. The proportion who use marijuana weekly or more often decreased from 8% in males and 6% in females in 2001. The difference over time is statistically significant

Marijuana use is more common among males than females Gender Youth’12 In Waikato Region: Marijuana use is more common among males than females Males are 2 times more likely to ever have used or currently use marijuana than females 1 in 3 males and 1 in 5 females have ever used marijuana 1 in 4 males and 1 in 10 females currently use marijuana Compared to males in overall NZ, more males in the Waikato Region currently use marijuana (23% vs. 14)

Youth’12 Marijuana use In Waikato Region: Marijuana use is more common among males than females Males are 2 times more likely to ever have used or currently use marijuana than females 1 in 3 males and 1 in 5 females have ever used marijuana 1 in 4 males and 1 in 10 females currently use marijuana Compared to males in overall NZ, more males in the Waikato Region have ever used marijuana (35% vs. 24%) Compared to males in overall NZ, more males in the Waikato Region currently use marijuana (23% vs. 14%) In overall NZ there is no difference in marijuana use between males and females Notes: NZ: n= 8065. Waikato Region: n=558. 95 % confidence intervals calculated using the Wilson Score method. Non-overlapping confidence intervals mean the difference is statistically significant. Data source: Youth2012 National Survey of the Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand, University of Auckland.

Ethnicity Youth’12 In Waikato Region: 60% more common among Māori/Pacific students to have ever used marijuana compared to Non-Māori/Pacific students 2 in 5 Māori/Pacific students compared to 1 in 4 Non-Māori/Pacific students have ever used marijuana

Youth’12 Ethnicity In Waikato Region: 60% more common among Māori/Pacific students to have ever used marijuana compared to Non-Māori/Pacific students 2 in 5 Māori/Pacific students compared to 1 in 4 Non-Māori/Pacific students have ever used marijuana Notes: Comparison with NZ is not available. 95 % confidence intervals calculated using the Wilson Score method. Non-overlapping confidence intervals mean the difference is statistically significant. Data source: Youth2012 National Survey of the Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand, University of Auckland.

Age (when first used marijuana) Youth’12 Age (when first used marijuana) In Waikato Region: The most common age when first used marijuana is 15 years for males, and 14 years for females The most common ages to first use marijuana are 13-15 years for Māori/Pacific students 2 in 5 males and 1 in 10 females who have ever used marijuana used it for the first time before age 13

Youth’12 - The most common age when first used marijuana is 15 years for males, and 14 years for females - 2 in 5 males and 1 in 10 females who have ever used marijuana used it for the first time before age 13 Notes: Comparison with NZ is not available. Data source: Youth2012 National Survey of the Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand, University of Auckland.

Problem use and students’ concerns Youth’12 Among marijuana users in Waikato Region: More males (63%) than females (18%) use marijuana before or during school In other words, 2 in 3 males, and 1 in 5 females use marijuana before or during school 1 in 4 have tried to cut down or give up Compared to overall NZ: More males in Waikato Region use marijuana before or during school More males in Waikato Region use marijuana alone (not statistically significant) Students in Waikato Region worry less about how much they use (not statistically significant)

Youth’12 Among marijuana users in Waikato Region: - More males (63%) than females (18%) use marijuana before or during school - In other words, 2 in 3 males, and 1 in 5 females use marijuana before or during school - 1 in 4 have tried to cut down or give up Compared to overall NZ: - More males in Waikato Region use marijuana before or during school - More males in Waikato Region use marijuana alone (not statistically significant) - Students in Waikato Region worry less about how much they use (not statistically significant) Notes: 95 % confidence intervals calculated using the Wilson Score method. Non-overlapping confidence intervals mean the difference is statistically significant. Data source: Youth2012 National Survey of the Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand, University of Auckland.

Problem use - ethnicity Youth’12 Among marijuana users in Waikato Region: Rates of marijuana use before or during school are higher in Māori/Pacific students than non-Māori/Pacific students (not statistically significant) 3 in 5 Māori/Pacific students and 2 in 5 Non-Māori/Pacific students use marijuana before or during school There are no significant differences between Māori/Pacific students and non-Māori/Pacific students regarding the proportion of students who usually use alone, worry about how often they use, or have tried to cut down or give up

Youth’12 Among marijuana users in Waikato Region: - Rates of marijuana use before or during school are higher in Māori/Pacific students than non-Māori/Pacific students (not statistically significant) - 3 in 5 Māori/Pacific students and 2 in 5 Non-Māori/Pacific students use marijuana before or during school There are no significant differences between Māori/Pacific students and non-Māori/Pacific students regarding the proportion of students who: - usually use alone - worry about how often they use - have tried to cut down or give up Notes: 95 % confidence intervals calculated using the Wilson Score method. Non-overlapping confidence intervals mean the difference is statistically significant. Data source: Youth2012 National Survey of the Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand, University of Auckland.

Among marijuana users: Sources of help Youth’12 Among marijuana users: the most common sources of help are friends (61%), school guidance counsellors (33%), parents (24%), Drug and Alcohol Service (23%), and other family members (18%) Females are 60% more likely to look for help from friends compared to males Males are 2 times less likely to look for help than females More non-Māori/Pacific students report that they would not look for help compared to Māori/Pacific students Māori/Pacific students are 2 times more likely to look for help from a school guidance counsellor or a teacher compared to non-Māori/Pacific students 1 in 5 marijuana users report that they would not look for help

Sources of help Youth’12 Among marijuana users: - the most common sources of help are friends (61%), school guidance counsellors (33%), parents (24%), Drug and Alcohol Service (23%), and other family members (18%) - Females are 60% more likely to look for help from friends compared to males - Males are 2 times less likely to look for help than females - More non-Māori/Pacific students report that they would not look for help compared to Māori/Pacific students - Māori/Pacific students are 2 times more likely to look for help from a school guidance counsellor or a teacher compared to non-Māori/Pacific students - 1 in 5 marijuana users report that they would not look for help

6% of youth have tried other drugs than marijuana. In Waikato Region: 6% of youth have tried other drugs than marijuana. There are no significant differences between Māori/Pacific and non-Māori/Pacific students regarding the use of drugs. Males are 2 times more likely to have tried other drugs than females (9% vs. 4%). The most common types are party pills or other smokeable products, Ecstasy or ‘E’, and Acid, LSD or mushrooms The type of drugs used in Waikato Region are similar to those used in overall NZ

Youth’12 Notes: Other drugs = other drugs besides marijuana. Comparison with NZ is not available. 95 % confidence intervals calculated using the Wilson Score method. Non-overlapping confidence intervals mean the difference is statistically significant. Data source: Youth2012 National Survey of the Health and Wellbeing of Secondary School Students in New Zealand, University of Auckland.

Among New Zealand youth: 1 in 10 thinks it is OK to use marijuana Attitudes & exposure Youth’12 Among New Zealand youth: 1 in 10 thinks it is OK to use marijuana 1 in 3 have friends who use marijuana 1 in 10 have friends who use other drugs, e.g. Party pills, Acid, ’P’ 6% have parents who use marijuana

Youth’12 NZ overall (local data not available) - 1 in 10 think it is OK to use marijuana 2-4% think it is OK to use other drugs 1 in 3 has friends who use marijuana 1 in 10 has friends who use other drugs 6% has parents who use marijuana Less than 1 % have parents who use other drugs From the more positive perspective: - the majority do not think it is OK to use marijuana or other drugs - The majority do not have friends or parents who use marijuana or other drugs

1 in 3 males and 1 in 5 females have ever used marijuana Key findings – Youth2012 Youth’12 In Waikato Region: 1 in 3 males and 1 in 5 females have ever used marijuana 15% currently use marijuana (13% in NZ) 5% use it weekly or more often (3% in NZ) Among current marijuana users: 1 in 2 usually use it before or during school (1 in 5 in NZ) 1 in 4 has tried to cut down or give up

Thames coromandel & waitomo youth surveys 2015 Waikato DHB 2016 Thames coromandel & waitomo youth surveys 2015 Waikato DHB 2016

Coromandel Youth Survey 2015 ‘Substance abuse’ ranks (by youths) as the 3rd biggest issue facing youth in the community (after ‘Disengagement’ and ‘Vulnerability’. 1 in 5 youth states ‘substance abuse’ as the biggest issue facing them.

Coromandel Youth Survey 2015 The biggest issue facing youth in the community: Disengagement (n=219), 37% Vulnerability (n=157), 26% Substance abuse (n=113), 19% Limited opportunities (n=76), 13% Isolation (n=46), 8% Total responses n=598 1 in 5 youth states ‘substance abuse’ as the biggest issue facing youth.

45% stated ‘Alcohol’ as the second biggest issue Waitomo Youth Survey 2015 ‘Drugs’ is ranked as the biggest issue facing youth in Waitomo (by 60% of the respondents) 45% stated ‘Alcohol’ as the second biggest issue 9 in 10 are aware of, or have taken part in youth projects on Alcohol & Drugs 4 in 5 know where to go for help with alcohol and drug issues

Waitomo Youth Survey 2015 n=104 - ‘Drugs’ is ranked as the biggest issue facing youth in Waitomo Close to 60% of the respondents stated ‘Drugs’ as the biggest issue 45% stated ‘Alcohol’ as the second biggest issue

Youth Projects – awareness and importance 93% are aware of, or have taken part in youth projects on Alcohol & Drugs 97% find the projects very or kind of important.

Know where to go for help 4 in 5 know where to go for help with alcohol and drug issues (1 in 5 do not know where to go for help)

Drug-related emergency department (ED) events Local data Drug-related emergency department (ED) events Drug-related emergency department (ED) events

Drug-related1 ED-events – Waikato DHB, 2011-2015 Technical notes: Waikato DHB electronic hospital register CostPro Registered emergency department (ED) events 2011-2015 Patients aged 10-24 years Waikato DHB residents 1= Includes diagnoses: F11-F16 (Opioid – other substances –hallucinogen abuse) F18-F19 (Inhalant abuse or other substances) F715 (Drug abuse counselling) or events with the words “overdose” ,“OD”, “Drug abuse”, “Drug addiction” or “Drug addict” written as free text

During the period 2011-2015, there was an increase in ED-events from 35 to 94 events. It is not known if this increase is due to an actual increase in drug-related problems, or a change in the hospital coding system. Notes: 1= Includes diagnoses: F11-F16 (Opioid – other substances –hallucinogen abuse), F18-F19 (Inhalant abuse or other substances), F715 (Drug abuse counselling), or events with the words “overdose” ,“OD”, “Drug abuse”, “Drug addiction” or “Drug addict” added as free text.

- Females have a higher number of drug-related ED-events than males Females have had a faster rate of increase than males, especially between 2014 and 2015. It is not known if this increase is due to an actual increase in drug-related problems, or a change in the hospital coding system. Notes: 1= Includes diagnoses: F11-F16 (Opioid – other substances –hallucinogen abuse), F18-F19 (Inhalant abuse or other substances), F715 (Drug abuse counselling), or events with the words “overdose” ,“OD”, “Drug abuse”, “Drug addiction” or “Drug addict” in the free text field

The highest rates of drug-related ED events in youth are seen in: - Hauraki and Thames Coromandel TAs - with around 7 drug-related ED-visits per 1,000 youths during the period 2011-2015 - Waitomo has the lowest rate: with around 1 drug-related ED-visit per 1,000 youths during the period 2011-2015 Notes: 1= Includes diagnoses: F11-F16 (Opioid – other substances –hallucinogen abuse), F18-F19 (Inhalant abuse or other substances), F715 (Drug abuse counselling), or events with the words “overdose” ,“OD”, “Drug abuse”, “Drug addiction” or “Drug addict” in as free text.

- 3 in every 1,000 Maori youths during the period 2011-2015 Drug-related ED-event rates were higher in Non-Maori than in Maori with - 4 events per every 1,000 Non-Maori youths during the period 2011-2015, compared to - 3 in every 1,000 Maori youths during the period 2011-2015 Notes: 1= Includes diagnoses: F11-F16 (Opioid – other substances –hallucinogen abuse), F18-F19 (Inhalant abuse or other substances), F715 (Drug abuse counselling), or events with the words “overdose” ,“OD”, “Drug abuse”, “Drug addiction” or “Drug addict” in the free text field

- Drug-related ED-visits are most common in the ages 17-20 1= Includes diagnoses: F11-F16 (Opioid – other substances –hallucinogen abuse), F18-F19 (Inhalant abuse or other substances), F715 (Drug abuse counselling), or events with the words “overdose” ,“OD”, “Drug abuse”, “Drug addiction” or “Drug addict” in the free text field

Key findings: drug-related ED-events 2011-2015 The number of drug-related ED-events increased 2011-2015 Females have a higher number of events than males The highest TA rates are seen in Hauraki and Thames-Coromandel (7 per 1,000 youths) Non-Māori have higher rates than Māori Most common in the ages 17-20 years

Summary findings of the entire data review Youth in Waikato consider drugs as one of the biggest issues facing them Besides alcohol and tobacco, marijuana is the most common drug used by youth 15% of secondary school students currently use marijuana (5% weekly or more often) Waikato Region have higher proportions of marijuana use compared to youth in overall NZ- particularly in males Marijuana use is more common among males than females Marijuana use is more common among Māori/Pacific than non-Māori/Pacific

cont. summary The most common age to first use marijuana is 14-15 years Marijuana use in NZ youth has decreased 2001-2012 (local data not available) 6% have tried other drugs The most common other drugs youths have tried are party pills and smokable products (5%) and Ecstasy (3%). Youth in Waikato consider drugs as one of the biggest issues facing them Drug-related ED-events in Waikato DHB increased 2011-2015

Limited national data on youth Limited local data on youth Limitations Limited national data on youth Limited local data on youth Limited data on methamphetamine and other drug use. Unknown which schools participated in the Youth’12 survey and whether they are representative for the rest of Waikato. Therefor the results might not be representative for the whole of Waikato.

Fleming, T. Lee, A. C. , Moselen, E. , Clark, T. C. , Dixon, R Fleming, T. Lee, A.C., Moselen, E., Clark, T.C., Dixon, R. & The Adolescent Health Research Group (2014). Problem substance use among New Zealand secondary school students: Findings from the Youth’12 national youth health and wellbeing survey. Auckland, New Zealand: The University of Auckland. Waitomo Youth Survey Coromandel Youth Survey Reference