Lesson 23 – adverbs An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb Very (modifying adjective devious) devious Brutus stabbed Julius really (modifying adverb violently) violently (modifying verb stabbed). In Latin regular adverbs are formed from 1st/2nd declension adjectives by adding the letter –e to the base dure harshly clare famously pulchre beautifully

Lesson 23 – ablative types Means/Instrument Identifies with what something is done e.g. I eat with a fork. This construction never uses a preposition e.g. disco studiis, not disco cum studiis (I learn by studies) Hint: it’s an ablative of means if you can translate as “by means of” e.g. I learn by means of studies Manner Describes how something is done e.g. I eat with hunger This construction may or may not use “cum” e.g. dico cum curā or dico curā (I speak with care) Hint: it’s an ablative of manner if you can translate as “in a x way” e.g. I speak in a careful way Accompaniment Identifies who (or sometimes what) you did something with e.g. I eat with Sally This construction must use the preposition “cum” e.g. habito cum amico not habito amico (I live with a friend) Hint: it’s an ablative of accompaniment if you can translate as “accompanied by…” e.g. I live accompanied by a friend Place Where – in (in/on) mandatory preposition Place from Which – ex (out from), de (down from), ab (away from) mandatory preposition