Civil war notes

Civil war foldable directions Step 3 Write at the top of each column the following: Economic Political Social

Economic differences South: Agricultural economy based on cash crops, especially cotton North: More advanced commercially and was expanding industrially (factories and warehouses) Tariffs were placed on imports and favored the North because they benefitted Northern industries

Political differences South Believed state laws carried more weight than federal law North Favored a stronger central government

Political differences Since the time of the American Revolution, two camps emerged: those arguing for greater states rights and those arguing that the federal government needed to have more control. Many Southerners believed that state laws carried more weight than federal laws, and they should abide by the state regulations first. (states’ rights) Popular sovereignty – people living in the territories could decide for themselves if they would join the U.S. as a free or slave state Compromise of 1850 – Established popular sovereignty to New Mexico and Utah Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Provided for the territorial organization of Kansas and Nebraska under the principle of popular sovereignty, States were given the opportunity to decide whether to admit slavery in their state or not.

Ideas for showing Political differences Draw a picture showing the differences between the North and the South: States’ Rights and Federal Government to have more control Draw a picture to represent Popular Sovereignty Draw a picture that represents the Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act (slavery by popular sovereignty)

Social Differences South Plantation system and favored slavery North Factories, cheap workforce (immigrants and children), opposed slavery

Social Differences 1860 – Election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the U.S. – fear that Republican control of the executive branch would threaten slavery 1860- Texas divided between a region dependent on slavery and a largely slave-free region. The Plantation System was based on one cash crop, cotton. Slaves were the source of labor on a plantation. The social structure of the South was based on the number of slaves a planter owned. The largest plantation owners and slaveholders had the highest social status. Poor white non-slaveholders were one notch above the lowest social class—the slave. Invention of the Cotton Gin Demand for Cotton & Spread of Plantations: European and Northern textile mills demanded more and more cotton during the early and middle 19th Century. New plantations increased the demand for slaves in the Lower South and west of the Mississippi River. By 1850, the South produced about 7/8 of the world’s cotton – the U.S. and Texas’ largest export.

Ideas for showing social differences Draw a picture to represent Lincoln’s election. Draw a picture for cash crops. Draw a picture for the cotton gin.

Texas Secession 1861 – Texas joined the Confederacy Despite Governor Sam Houston’s opposition, the Secession Convention met in Austin Texas seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy Gov. Sam Houston refused to declare loyalty to the Confederacy and was removed from office by the Texas Secession Convention

Leaders During Civil War Abraham Lincoln elected President in 1860; viewed by South as a MAJOR threat to slavery; prompted South Carolina, Texas, and other states to seceded from the Union Jefferson Davis served as President of the Confederate States of America during Civil War Ulysses S. Grant General for the Union Army Robert E. Lee- General of the Confederate States of America Army

Leaders During Civil War John Reagan Resigned from Texas U.S. House of Representatives when Texas seceded from the Union to join CSA Served in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis as Postmaster General Francis Lubbock Governor during Civil War (1861-1863) Worked closely with Confederacy to meet manpower needs of war Joined Confederate Army in 1863 Captured with Jefferson Davis and John Reagan at end of war

Texas’ Role in civil war Supplied soldiers to both sides Confederacy – Approximately 90,000 (mostly cavalry due to experience with horses) John Bell Hood – Commander of Hoods Texas Brigade (finest in General Lee’s army). He defended Richmond (capital of CSA) and fought Indians in frontier Thomas Green – Commander of Texas Confederate forces; served in Battle of Galveston; killed during war Union – approximately 2,000

Texas’ Role in civil war Protected the frontier After removal of U.S., troops from Texas, the state and Confederacy assumed responsibility of protection from Indian threat Chased renegades and outlaws Controlled Union activity in frontier Defended the coastline To prevent Union blockade of supplies and trade Battle of Galveston Battle of Sabine Pass (1863) Confederate forces repel invasion of U.S. forces at mouth of Sabine River

Texas’ Role in civil war Economic Contributions Traded cotton for weapons, uniforms and medicine Planted more corn at the government’s request Developed manufacturing plants and weapons factories Increase in slave population as Southern states sent slaves west to avoid Union army

Texas’ Role in civil war Life of ordinary Texans affected by war Absence of men created more responsibility for women and children Farmers planted more corn, less cotton at government request for military food Increase in slaves – sent from other Southern states to avoid Union armies Transportation – materials diverted to military Halt of building railroads Roads and railroad tracks destroyed Bridges and roads suffered from lack of repair Battle of Palmito Ranch (May, 1865) Last land engagement of the Civil War fought in far south Texas More than a month after Gen. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, VA.

Emancipation Proclamation Executive order written by Lincoln to free all slaves (in rebelling states) on Jan. 1, 1863 Not enforced in the South during the Civil War June 19, 1865 – proclamation finally read in Texas, belatedly freeing 250,000 slaves Juneteenth – cultural celebration today celebrating the freeing of slaves in Texas

Economic, Political, or social?? Why do you think that? What does each picture represent?

Economic, Political, or social?? Election of - Why do you think that? What does each picture represent?

Economic, Political, or social?? Why do you think that? What does each picture represent?